{"id":8418,"date":"2023-12-01T13:45:33","date_gmt":"2023-12-01T13:45:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/?p=8418"},"modified":"2023-12-10T09:04:16","modified_gmt":"2023-12-10T09:04:16","slug":"gt-cambridge-12-reading-3-evening-courses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/index.php\/2023\/12\/01\/gt-cambridge-12-reading-3-evening-courses\/","title":{"rendered":"GT Cambridge 12 &#8211; Reading 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8418\" class=\"elementor elementor-8418\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f247351 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f247351\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b517bc5\" data-id=\"b517bc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dd0989 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4dd0989\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>SECTION 1 <\/strong><\/span><\/h1><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read the text below and answer Questions 1-7<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Evening Courses<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A. Cooking for today<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These are classes for those of you who can already make basic meal by keeping strictly to a simple recipe, but who would now like to use your imagination as well. We \u2018ll learn how to make great family meals, discovering how to develop basic recipes into personal creations, with a few tricks and tips to help you become more confident.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B. Entertaining the easy way<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This course has plenty of ideas and tips for special occasions that you can enjoy preparing, love eating and be proud to provide. The recipes are adaptable to needs and lifestyle, building on your current skills and aimed at developing your own cooking style.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C. Cooking for the family<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Keen to make better food for your kids? This course is for parents who want to learn how to make fun food with the aim of showing their kids how to cook later at home. We\u2019ll learn plenty of tasty tips for snacks and picnics, family favourites, and dishes with fresh fruit and vegetables so that you and your family can get really fit and well and enjoy your food.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D. Jewellery making<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This course aims enable students to create silver jewellery. You first project will be make a silver ring and then you will have an opportunity to create another piece of your design. This is an introductory course. Base metals are supplied free. Please wear suitable workshop clothing and bring a notebook and pen.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E. Photography<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This course will allow you to take full advantage of your digital camera. Covering portrait, landscape and still-life photography, the classes will include effective use of lenses and lighting. To really benefit from the course, learners should have time to read ahead between sessions.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F. Creative writing<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Come and learn how to have fun with stories and other kinds of creative writing We will try out some new ideas and techniques for improving style and waking up the imagination, Writers who have not taken the foundation class will also be able to join, provided they already have some experience of the subject.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 1-7.<\/strong> Look at the six advertisements for evening courses, A-F. For which evening course are the following statements true? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. NB You may use letter more than once.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1.<\/strong> After taking this course, participants will be able to teach their skill to others.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2.<\/strong> Participants will be expected to prepare at home for each class.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3.<\/strong> Certain materials will be included in the course fee.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>4.<\/strong> This course aims to teach people to prepare meals for guests.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>5.<\/strong> This course will help participants to make the best use of a certain item.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>6.<\/strong> This course is for people who want to do more than follow instructions.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>7.<\/strong> Following this course should improve participants health.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read the text and answer Questions 6-14.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Bike Foundry<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Bike Foundry aims to promote cycling, and to make an environmentally-friendly means of transport and leisure available to as many people as we can.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Our Bikes<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All our bikes are hand-restored by our team and come with a three month\u2019s guarantee. We stock bikes to suit different needs, at affordable prices. We gratefully accept donations of unwanted bikes.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Training<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We offer maintenance and cycle training to schools and small groups on their own premises. Additionally, we provide training to individuals and groups in our workshops.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Maintenance Training<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Bike Basics<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is a three-hour course which will teach you everything you need to know to keep on top of simple maintenance issues like looking after brakes and gears and how to repair a puncture. By the end of the course you\u2019ll know how to take good care of your bike.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Home Mechanics<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This twelve-hour course consists of teaching you how to use specialist tools and how to fit compatible replacement parts. It\u2019s aimed at those who have completed Bike Basics or have some prior knowledge.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Courses are run regularly for groups of up to four trainees. We use professional mechanics\u2019 tools and employ experienced staff. Most importantly, we have tea- and coffee-making facilities and a fridge where participants can keep their sandwiches, etc. Unfortunately, our training room is up a flight of stairs.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For \u00a310 a year you can join our Tool Club. Membership gives you access to our workshop for one evening a week. If you want to repair your bike and know how to fix it, but lack specialist tools, then join our club. There\u2019s a range of reference manuals available and a mechanic to offer advice.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cycling Training<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Our qualified instructors can teach you how to ride your bike, whether you have had prior experience or not. If you\u2019re already riding and would like to build your confidence, we can teach you safe techniques to negotiate traffic.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Booking Information<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To book a place, email training@bikefoundry.org<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We ask for a 50% deposit to confirm your place, refundable up to seven days before the course.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 8-14.<\/strong> Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text below?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In boxes 8-14 on your answer sheet, write<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TRUE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if the statement agrees with the information<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">FALSE\u00a0 \u00a0 if the statement contradicts the information<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NOT GIVEN\u00a0 \u00a0 if there is no information on this<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>8.<\/strong> The Bike Foundry sells only second-hand bicycles.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>9.<\/strong> All the training sessions are held at the Bike Foundry.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>10.<\/strong> The Bike Basics course is aimed at new cyclists.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>11.<\/strong> Snacks are provided for participants on the maintenance training courses.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>12.<\/strong> Members of the Tool Club have access to cycle reference books.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>13.<\/strong> Most of the participants on the Cycling Training courses are beginners.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>14.<\/strong> People can cancel their place on a training course one week before it begins and still get their money back.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>SECTION 2<\/strong><\/span><\/h1><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read the text below and answer Questions 15-21.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Benefits for staff of Hamberton Hospital<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Our attractive benefits package is one of the ways we acknowledge the contribution they all make in the provision of high-quality patient care. Our package is extensive and varied.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As a Hamberton employee you\u2019ll enjoy both National Health Service (NHS) and locally developed schemes, providing you with a range of benefits. These include:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Financial Benefits<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 opportunity to contribute to the NHS Pension Scheme \u2013 highly regarded by the independent pensions and insurance sector<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 Injury Benefits Scheme<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 excellent occupational sick pay and maternity leave and pay entitlements<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 loans to assist with the purchase of housing for employees in the health service<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Work-Life Balance<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Here at Hamberton we are committed to helping all employees balance their work and home life commitments. We believe by helping people make this balance we are able to recruit, retain and motivate the most valuable asset of the NHS \u2013 our employees. We are committed to making this balance work for all employees equally, not just parents.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Over 50% of our staff work part-time in a range of flexible working options, which include:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 job sharing \u2022 term-time-only working \u2022 part-time working<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 individually-tailored working patterns<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We also support employees further through our caring and special leave arrangements.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Health<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 our own occupational health department, providing a totally confidential service open to all staff during normal working hours<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 a round-the-clock free and confidential counselling service<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 policies supporting phased returns to work after long illnesses or injuries<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Other Benefits<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">On-site facilities include:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 excellent food provided in our restaurant \u2022 ample parking \u2022 retail outlets<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NHS Discounts<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All NHS employees can access the NHS Discounts scheme. This allows members of staff free access to a number of discounted products and services. For example, discounts are available at many high street shops and elsewhere, including savings on toys, utility bills, days out, and much more.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Red Guava<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is a further discount benefit, which is available to employees of Hamberton. Red Guava provides discounts on holidays, for example, and can save you money in many other ways too.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 15-21<\/strong>. Complete the sentences below. Choose <strong>ONE WORD ONLY<\/strong> from the text for each answer.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>15<\/strong>. The hospital provides benefits to show its recognition of the __________ of staff to its work.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>16<\/strong>. Financial benefits include pay for staff who are __________ or on maternity leave.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>17<\/strong>. __________ are available for staff who wish to buy a home.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>18<\/strong>. Helping staff with their work-life balance is not restricted to __________<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>19<\/strong>. The hospital has __________ that are designed to help staff return to work after a long absence.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>20<\/strong>. The facilities on hospital premises include a large area for __________<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>21<\/strong>. The cost of __________ is reduced by using the Red Guava scheme.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read the text on below page and answer Questions 22-27.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Performance-related pay<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are a number of reasons why your employer might introduce this type of pay scheme. They may:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 be keen to retain current staff \u2022 want to compete for new talent<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 be seeking a fairer way of distributing wages.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In order for performance-related schemes to work they should be based on clear, measurable targets agreed by both employer and employee. You will normally find out about these targets from your contract of employment and the performance appraisal meetings you have with your manager.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Short-term schemes<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Short-term schemes usually offer bonus payments, or, depending on the type of work, commission on sales achieved. Payments vary and these schemes are normally used just to encourage staff to improve their own performance.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Long-term schemes<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Long-term schemes offer rewards like share options, and can help to encourage loyalty to the organisation and its aims. Such schemes tend to be used as a way of retaining senior staff.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>What to do if you have problems<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If you don\u2019t receive bonus or commission payments which you believe you are owed, check your contract of employment or staff handbook to see how your bonus is paid.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ask your employer if you need more information.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If you think a mistake has been made, you should:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 speak to your employer to see if there has been a misunderstanding<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 ask your employer to set out in writing how they have calculated your pay<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 keep copies of any letters and notes of any meetings.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are three ways that the law might cover a case of unpaid bonuses:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 breach of contract \u2022 unlawful deductions from wages \u2022 unlawful discrimination.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Deductions from wages \/ breach of contract<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Any right to a bonus will normally be included in your contract of employment. It may not always be written down. It can be verbally agreed or understood to be there due to normal practice in your particular area of business.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Failure to pay a bonus or commission that you are entitled to could amount to an unlawful deduction of wages.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Discrimination<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Your employer must not discriminate against particular groups of people \u2013 for example, by giving smaller bonuses to women. Ideally your employer should have some guidelines setting out the normal range of bonuses to give, and these must be followed without discriminating against any specific group.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 22-27<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete the notes below.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose <strong>ONE WORD ONLY<\/strong> from the text for each answer.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write your answers in boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Performance-related pay<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One of the reasons for introducing performance-related pay is in order to (<strong>22<\/strong>) __________ existing employees<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Employer and employee should agree on some (<strong>23<\/strong>) __________ that can be measured<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Short-term schemes: bonus or the payment of a (<strong>24<\/strong>) __________ related to sales<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Long-term reward schemes: generally offered to employees at a (<strong>25<\/strong>) __________ level<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Details of bonus payments: may be included in a contract or a handbook for staff<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If you think there has been a mistake with your pay:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 discuss the issue with your employer<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 keep records of any relevant (<strong>26<\/strong>) __________<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is illegal for employers to discriminate against any specific group, e.g. by giving less money to (27) ________<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>SECTION 3 <\/strong><\/span><\/h1><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read the text on below pages and answer Questions 28-40.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 28-34<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The text on below page has seven sections, A-G. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"406\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>List of Headings<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>i.<\/strong> Plans for more marine protected areas<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>ii.<\/strong> A historical overview of one specific area<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>iii.<\/strong> Why more has not been done to save marine creatures<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>iv.<\/strong> What the press has missed<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>v.<\/strong> Where biodiversity has been shown to help<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>vi.<\/strong> Who is currently being blamed<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>vii.<\/strong> A reason for some optimism<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>viii.<\/strong> Various factors other than fishing<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"217\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>28<\/strong>. Section A<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>29<\/strong>. Section B<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>30<\/strong>. Section C<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>31<\/strong>. Section D<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>32<\/strong>. Section E<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>33<\/strong>. Section F<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>34<\/strong>. Section G<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Marine Ecosystems<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For some time now, the world\u2019s oceans and the people who fish them have been a constant source of bad environmental news: cod is effectively an endangered species of fish in some places now; every year thousands of dolphins are injured by fishing vessels, huge tuna farms are ruining the Mediterranean Sea.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What is more, marine biologists recently warned that our seafood is in terminal decline. According to research published in Science last November, stocks of all the fish and shellfish that we currently eat will collapse before 2050. Or at least that\u2019s how the media reported it.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, the scientist who led the study has said that the main conclusion of his research has been buried beneath the headlines. While the danger to our seafood supply is real enough, says Boris Worm, assistant professor of marine conservation biology at Dalhousie University, Canada, there is a more serious point: that the way in which we manage the oceans is not only threatening the survival of individual species, it\u2019s upsetting the delicate balance of marine communities and thus causing the collapse of entire ecosystems. Research has shown that the number of ecosystems where all higher forms of life are extinct, so-called dead zones is increasing.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The point that many reports failed to highlight, says Worm, is that we have to revolutionise the way our marine resources are run, changing the focus from stocks and quotas to biodiversity and ecosystem protection. And to do that, we must change the way the debate about our marine resources is conducted in the public domain.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Around 7,500 years ago, shrinking glaciers and the resulting higher water levels led to the development of what\u2019s called the Wadden Sea, a 13,500-square-kilometre area of the North Sea. During the first 5,000 years or so, the sea pulsated with life. There was a high level of biodiversity on the seabed too, and the salt marshes and mud flats on the coast supported millions of birds. This continued until around 2,000 years ago, when human pressure began to affect it. Research has shown that some of the larger creatures disappeared more than 500 years ago. And by the late<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">19th century, populations of most of the other mammals and fish were severely reduced, leading to the collapse of several traditional fisheries.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What\u2019s interesting is that overfishing isn\u2019t the main agent of the decline, as we might assume. It\u2019s due to an ongoing combination of exploitation, habitat destruction and pollution. Coastal development, for example, destroys large areas of wetlands that support a range of species. Pollution fuels a process known as eutrophication, which kills certain seagrasses. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus contained in human and industrial waste promote the growth of tiny phytoplankton. This over-enrichment of the sea can ultimately lead to the collapse of the entire system through oxygen starvation.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Most marine ecosystems have an in-built capacity to deal with a certain amount of pollution because shellfish can absorb phytoplankton. But in many cases, these have been largely removed by fishing, so the effect of any nutrient-rich pollutants entering the system is increased. In a healthy system, coastal wetlands also act as filters, so their destruction causes even more pollution. These processes have been fairly well understood for a number of years.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What the Science paper has demonstrated, however, is that the decline in the health of ecosystems is greater where the number of different species is low. The population of marbled rock cod around the South Atlantic island of South Georgia, for example, still hasn\u2019t recovered after the fishing industry caused its collapse during the 1970s. By contrast, North Sea cod has withstood very heavy fishing for hundreds of years, says Worm, and although it has declined substantially, it hasn\u2019t yet collapsed completely. Worm believes that, \u2018to have a greater number of species makes an ecosystem more robust\u2019. His theory is backed up by evidence from experiments into how ecosystems react to change.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">And some positive news came from the study. Worm and his colleagues were able to show that it\u2019s possible to reverse such damage as long as there are enough species. A survey of 44 protected areas revealed increases in biodiversity and fish catches close to the reserves. Worm says, \u2018We should be focusing our attention on protecting all of our marine resources at the ecosystem level, and managing levels of fishing, pollution and habitat disturbance to ensure that crucial services that maintain the health of the ecosystem continue to function.\u2019 To anyone who knows anything about ecology, it would appear that Worm is just stating the obvious. And many protected areas on land are now managed in this way.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>G<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, there has long been a tendency to view our oceans as a limitless resource, combined with a widespread failure to make an emotional connection with most marine wildlife. True, we have created a small number of marine protected areas. \u2018We seem to have understood the value of protecting ecosystems in areas such as the Australian Great Barrier Reef that we consider to be particularly beautiful\/ says John Shepherd, Professor of Marine Sciences at Southampton University in the UK. \u2018Human nature will always draw us towards those species or habitats that are more aesthetically pleasing. That\u2019s why there will always be support for protecting pandas and very little for worms, even though nematodes play a vital role in maintaining the health of an ecosystem.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 35-37<\/strong>. Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D and write in the boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>35<\/strong>. Boris Worm\u2019s main concern is that<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. marine ecosystems will completely break down.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. insufficient attention is being paid to fish numbers.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. there will no longer be enough seafood for people to eat.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. politicians will be unwilling to discuss marine resources.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>36<\/strong>. What point does John Shepherd make?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. Marine conservation areas are not high on the list of visitor attractions.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. People know very little about how different species actually live.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. The public are much less likely to help unattractive creatures.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. The marine environment was better understood in the past.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>37<\/strong>. Which of the following best summarises the text as a whole?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. Scientists disagree about the state of the world\u2019s oceans.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. A radical review of marine resource management is needed.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. The fishing industry is mainly responsible for today\u2019s problems.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. The natural systems of our seas will not be able to repair themselves.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 38-40<\/strong>. Complete the summary below. Choose <strong>ONE WORD ONLY<\/strong> from the text for each answer.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Wadden Sea<\/strong><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Wadden Sea was created when the sea rose as a consequence of <strong>38<\/strong> __________ slowly contracting. The waters were full of different species of marine creatures, and there were large numbers of <strong>39<\/strong> __________ living on the wetlands along the shore. This continued until species began to decline 2,000 years ago. Overfishing was partly responsible for the changing circumstances, and so was pollution. At the same time there has been an increase in some nutrients in the Wadden Sea which can also destroy marine creatures and vegetation by depriving them of <strong>40<\/strong> __________ which is essential for their survival.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5947791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"5947791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9361\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9361\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Answers<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9361\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9361\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. E<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. E<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">9. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10. NOTGIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">11. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">12. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">13. NOTGIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">14. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">15. contribution<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">16. sick<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">17. loans<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">18. parents<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">19. policies\/schemes<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20. parking<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">21. holidays<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">22. retain<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">23. targets<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">24. commission<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">25. senior<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">26. meetings\/letters<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">27. women<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">28. vi<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">29. iv<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">30. ii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">31. viii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">32. V<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">33. vii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">34. iii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">35. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">36. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">37. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">38. glaciers<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">39. birds<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">40. oxygen<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SECTION 1 Read the text below and answer Questions 1-7 Evening Courses A. Cooking for todayThese are classes for those of you who can already make basic meal by keeping strictly to a simple recipe, but who would now like to use your imagination as well. We \u2018ll learn how to make great family meals, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general-reading-practice"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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