{"id":8385,"date":"2023-12-01T09:08:36","date_gmt":"2023-12-01T09:08:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/?p=8385"},"modified":"2023-12-10T09:02:21","modified_gmt":"2023-12-10T09:02:21","slug":"gt-cambridge-14-reading-1-transition-cake-for-the-eloehly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/index.php\/2023\/12\/01\/gt-cambridge-14-reading-1-transition-cake-for-the-eloehly\/","title":{"rendered":"GT Cambridge 14 &#8211; Reading 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8385\" class=\"elementor elementor-8385\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-144f986 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"144f986\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d1f0a3\" data-id=\"2d1f0a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e003ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e003ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>SECTION 1: Questions 1-14<\/strong><\/span><\/h1><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read the text below and answer Questions 1-6.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TRANSITION CAKE FOR THE ELOEHLY<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>What is transition care?<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Transition care is for older people who have been receiving medical treatment, but need more help to recover, and time to make a decision about the best place for them to live in the longer term. You can only access transition care directly from hospital.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Transition care is focused on individual goals and therapies and is given for a limited time only. It offers access to a package of services that may include:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 low-intensity therapy such as physiotherapy (exercise, mobility, strength and balance) &amp; podiatry (foot care)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 access to a social worker<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 nursing support for clinical care such as wound care<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 personal care<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Who provides transition care services?<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Transition care is often provided by non-government organisations and is subsidised by the government. If your circumstances allow, it is expected you\u2019ll contribute to the cost of your care.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Daily care fees are set by the organisation that provides your transition care services (your service provider). They should explain these fees to you, and the amount charged should form part of the agreement between you and the service provider. The fee is calculated on a daily basis.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Where do I receive transition care?<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Transition care is provided in your own home or in a \u2018live-in\u2019 setting. This setting can be part of an existing aged-care home or health facility such as a separate wing of a hospital.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>What if I\u2019m already receiving services through a different programme?<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If you\u2019re already receiving subsidised residential care in an aged-care home, but you need to go somewhere else for transition care, your place in the aged-care home will be held until you return.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 1-6<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text on page 16?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TRUE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if the statement agrees with the information<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">FALSE\u00a0 \u00a0 if the statement contradicts the information<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NOT GIVEN\u00a0 \u00a0 if there is no information on this<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1.<\/strong> Only hospital patients can go on to have transition care.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2.<\/strong> Transition care may be long term or short term.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3.<\/strong> Everyone receiving transition care must contribute to the cost.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>4.<\/strong> Transition care at home is only available for patients who live alone.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>5. <\/strong>Transition care may be given on a hospital site.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>6.<\/strong> You may lose your place in a care home if you have to leave it to receive transition care.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read the text below and answer Questions 7-14.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>CABIN BAGS FOR AIR TRAVEL<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If you want a small bag with wheels that you can take onto the plane with you, there\u2019s a wide choice. Here are some of the best.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A.<\/strong> The Flyer B3 is an ultra-lightweight cabin bag which can withstand some pretty harsh treatment, its nylon and polyester sides won\u2019t rip or burst open if it\u2019s dropped or thrown whilst in transit. However, the trolley handle feels quite thin and flimsy. The top carrying handle is hard and flat, and the side handle isn\u2019t easy to grip.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B.<\/strong> The Lightglide has two external pockets, both of which are zipped and lockable, but the inside pocket does not zip. In tests, we found the contents remain dry when given a good soaking, even around the zips. The trolley handle has a choice of two heights and the plastic hand grip doesn\u2019t have any sharp ridges that\u2019ll make your hands sore. For carrying there are fabric handles at the top and side.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C.<\/strong> The Foxton is easy to control across most surfaces. However, the zips don\u2019t always run smoothly especially around the corners, so you may have to give them a good tug, especially if the case is very full. This is definitely one to avoid if you\u2019re going somewhere rainy as it lets loads of water in, and documents in the pockets will also get pretty wet unless they\u2019re in plastic folders.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D.<\/strong> The Skybag has a single external zipped pocket and another located inside the lid. Your clothes are kept in place by two adjustable straps. The zips, are easy to grip and they run smoothly around the case. However, this cabin bag felt a little heavy to pull on all but smooth floors, and it was hard to steer compared with some of the other suitcases.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E.<\/strong> The Travelsure 35 is available in a huge range of fabric designs including leopard print or lipstick kisses. The retractable trolley handle is comfortable but can\u2019t be adjusted to suit users of different heights. There\u2019s no internal divider, but there are two handy zipped pockets in the lid. We test each bag by letting it fall onto a hard. floor \u2013 and our results show that you\u2019ll have to treat this bag with great care if you want it to last. The fabric tore so badly at one of the corners that it was unusable.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 7-14<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The text above has five paragraphs, A-E. Which paragraph mentions the following?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 7-14 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>7.<\/strong> The zips on this cabin bag may be difficult to use.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>8.<\/strong> This cabin bag may be badly damaged if it is dropped.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>9.<\/strong> The handles of this cabin bag have a number of different problems.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>10.<\/strong> This cabin bag is very resistant to water.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>11.<\/strong> There\u2019s a good choice of patterns for the fabric of this cabin bag.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>12.<\/strong> This cabin bag isn\u2019t very easy to move around.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>13.<\/strong> This cabin bag has just one internal zipped pocket.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>14.<\/strong> The trolley handle of this cabin bag is adjustable.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>SECTION 2: Questions 15-27<\/strong><\/span><\/h1><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read the text below and answer Questions 15-20<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>College car parking policy \u2013 staff<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Parking permits and tickets<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Staff permits are required to park a motor vehicle (other than a motorcycle parked in the cycle bays) on campus between 8.30 am and 4.30 pm, Monday to Friday, during term time. Annual permits can be purchased from the Hospitality Department. Application forms can be downloaded from the College website. All permits\/tickets must be clearly displayed in the windscreen of vehicles during the dates of term time, as published in the academic calendar. Please inform the Services Administrator of any changes to registration details on telephone ext. 406. Annual car parking permits can be purchased from 20th September and are valid for one academic year from 1st October to 30th June. The annual charges for car parking are displayed on the application form.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Enforcement<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The nominated contractor will issue fixed Penalty Charge Notices (see below) on vehicles that fail to display a valid permit and\/or parking ticket, or vehicles that are parked on yellow lines or in disabled parking bays without displaying a blue disabled-parking permit. Reductions of parking space availability may arise in order to accommodate College recruitment activities and\/or estate development\/maintenance projects. Vehicles that are in breach of the policy will be issued with a Penalty Charge Notice.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Penalty Charge Notice (PCM)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The PCN is \u00a330, increasing to \u00a360 seven days after issue. The nominated contractor is responsible for the collection of unpaid PCNs and may use legal action where necessary to recover unpaid PCNs. If issued with a PCN, appeals must be taken up directly with the parking enforcement company (details included on the notice) not the college.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Disabled parking<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The college has designated car parking spaces for disabled car drivers. The college will make all reasonable efforts to ensure these parking spaces are used only by drivers who display their blue disabled-parking permits, and a valid pay-and-display or annual permit, as appropriate.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If issues arise concerning the availability of the parking spaces, those concerned should raise the matter with the Domestic Services Department in order to affect a temporary solution.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Visitors<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The College welcomes visitors and provides parking arrangements through pre-arranged permits, which must be displayed in the vehicle. Please contact the Hospitality Department for further information, On Open Days, sections of car parking on campus may be reserved for visitors.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Short-term drop-off\/pick-up provision<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There will be two short-term drop-off\/pick-up spaces for users of the nursery, with a maximum often minutes\u2019 waiting time allowed. These are located outside Concorde Building. The nursery staff bays may not be used under any circumstances.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 15-20<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Answer the questions below. Choose <strong>NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND\/OR A NUMBER<\/strong> from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 15-20 on your answer sheet<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>15<\/strong>. Where can you buy parking permits at the college?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>16<\/strong>. Which document shows the dates of term time?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>17<\/strong>. What is the start date of annual parking permits?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>18<\/strong>. Who is responsible for giving out parking fines if you park in the wrong place?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>19<\/strong>. What do visitors need to show when parking?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>20<\/strong>. Where can the nursery pick-up point be found?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Read the text below and answer Questions 21-27.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Maternity benefits<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If you are expecting a baby, there are a number of benefit schemes that could help you financially. However, eligibility differs for each individual scheme.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Statutory Maternity Pay (SSVSP)<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You may be entitled to Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) from your employer. This is a weekly payment, to help make it easier for you to take time off, both before and after the birth of your baby. SMP can be paid for up to 39 weeks.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You are entitled to SMP if you have been employed by the same company for at least 26 weeks by the end of the 15th week before your baby is due. You must also be earning an average of at least \u00a387 per week (before tax). The amount you get depends on how much you earn. For 6 weeks, you will receive 90% of your average weekly earnings. Then you will receive \u00a3112.75 per week for the remaining 33 weeks.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Maternity Allowance (MA)<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Maternity Allowance (MA) is available to those who are employed or self-employed but not eligible for Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP). You may be entitled to Maternity Allowance if you have been employed or self-employed for at least 26 weeks in the 66 weeks before you are due to give birth. You don\u2019t have to work for the same employer for those 26 weeks. You also don\u2019t have to work full weeks (as a part week counts as a full week) during the same period. Maternity Allowance can be paid for up to 39 weeks, and is either paid at the same standard rate as SMP or 90% of your average weekly earnings. You\u2019ll receive whichever amount is the lower. You can find Maternity Allowance forms at antenatal clinics throughout the country.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Child Tax Credit<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If you\u2019re on a low income, over 16, and are responsible for at least one child, you may also be entitled to Child Tax Credit. The amount you get will depend on your personal circumstances and income. When your income is being assessed, any child benefit, maintenance payments or Maternity Allowance payments will not be classed as income. This means that it will not be taken into account when calculating your Child Tax Credit.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sure Start Maternity Payments<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If you get benefits or Child Tax Credit because you\u2019re on a low income, then you may be entitled to Sure Start Maternity Payments. These are individual grants to help towards the cost of a new baby.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 21-27<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Answer the questions below. Choose <strong>NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND\/OR A NUMBER<\/strong> from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 21-27 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>21<\/strong>. What is the minimum period you must have worked for an employer in order to be eligible for SMP?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>22<\/strong>. For how long is SMP payable every week as a percentage of your average weekly earnings?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>23<\/strong>. What sum is payable every week as the second part of SMP entitlement?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>24<\/strong>. What is the maximum length of time MA is payable?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>25<\/strong>. Where can MA forms be obtained?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>26<\/strong>. Apart from income, what else is considered when assessing how much Child Tax Credit is paid?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>27<\/strong>. What are Sure Start Maternity Payments?<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h1><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>SECTION 3 &#8211; Questions 28-40<\/strong><\/span><\/h1><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 28-32.<\/strong> The text below has five sections, A-E. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"519\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>List of Headings<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">i. Solving the puzzle of a papyrus document<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ii. The importance of written records and different ways of recording them<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">iii. The use of papyrus for a range of purposes<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">iv. Suggestions for future possibilities for papyrus<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">v. How papyrus was cultivated and different manufacturing methods<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">vi. The decline of papyrus use<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">vii. The preservation and destruction of papyrus documents<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">viii. The process of papyrus production<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"170\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>28<\/strong>. Section A<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>29<\/strong>. Section B<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>30<\/strong>. Section C<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>31<\/strong>. Section D<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>32<\/strong>. Section E<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>PAPYRUS<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Used by the ancient Egyptians to make paper, the papyrus plant has helped to shape the world we live in<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A.<\/strong> Libraries and archives are cultural crossroads of knowledge exchange, where the past transmits information to the present, and where the present has the opportunity to inform the future. Bureaucracies have become the backbone of civilizations, as governments try to keep track of populations, business transactions and taxes. At a personal level, our lives are governed by the documents we possess; we are certified on paper literally from birth to death. And written documentation carries enormous cultural importance: consider the consequences of signing the Foundation Document of the United Nations or the Convention on Biological Diversity.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Documentation requires a writing tool and a surface upon which to record the information permanently. About 5,000 years ago, the Sumerians started to use reeds or sticks to make marks on mud blocks which were then baked, but despite being fireproof, these were difficult to store. Other cultures used more flexible but less permanent surfaces, including animal skins and wood strips. In western culture, the adoption of papyrus was to have a great impact. Sheets of papyrus not only provide an invaluable record of people\u2019s daily lives, they can also be dated using carbon-dating techniques, giving precise information about the age of the text written on them.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B.<\/strong> Papyrus is strongly associated with Egyptian culture, although all the ancient civilizations around the Mediterranean used it. The papyrus sedge is a tall grass-like plant. It was harvested from shallow water and swamplands on the banks of the River Nile. Manufacturing sheets of papyrus from papyrus sedge was a complex, messy process. Pith from inside the plant\u2019s stem was cut into long strips that were laid side by side. These were then covered with a second layer of strips which were laid at right angles to the first, then soaked in water and hammered together. The sheet was then crushed to extract the water, dried and then polished to produce a high-quality writing surface, individual sheets could be glued together and rolled up to make scrolls or folded and bound to form books.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C.<\/strong> In moist climates the cellulose-rich sheets of papyrus would readily decay, becoming covered by mould or full of holes from attacks by insects. But in dry climates, such as the Middle East, papyrus is a stable, rot-resistant writing surface. The earliest known roll of papyrus scroll was found in the tomb of an official called Hemeka near Memphis, which was then the capital city of Egypt, and is around five thousand years old. in 79CE, nearly 2,000 papyrus scrolls in the library of Julius Caesar\u2019s father-in-law were protected at Herculaneum by ash from the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius. However, the most famous discoveries of papyrus have come from the rubbish dumps of the ancient town of Oxyrhynchus, some 160km south-west of Cairo, in the desert to the west of the Nile. Oxyrhynchus was a regional administrative capital and for a thousand years generated vast amounts of administrative documentation, including accounts, tax returns and correspondence, which was periodically discarded to make room for more. Over time, a thick layer of sand covered these dumps, andthey were forgotten. But the documents were protected by the sand, creating a time capsule that allowed astonishing glimpses into the lives of the town\u2019s inhabitants over hundreds of years.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Collections of documents that record information and ideas have frequently been viewed as potentially dangerous. For thousands of years, governments, despots and conquerors have resorted to burning libraries and books to rid themselves of inconvenient evidence or obliterate cultures and ideas that they found politically, morally or religiously unacceptable. One such calamity, the burning of the Great Library of Alexandria, and the papyrus scrolls and books it contained, has been mythologized and has come to symbolize the global loss of cultural knowledge.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D.<\/strong> Besides their use in record-keeping, papyrus stems were used in many other aspects of Mediterranean life, such as for boat construction and making ropes, sails and baskets, as well as being a source of food. In 1969 the adventurer Thor Heyerdahl attempted to cross the Atlantic from Morocco in the boat Ra, to show that it was possible for mariners in ancient times to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Ra was made from bundles of papyrus stems and modelled on ancient Egyptian craft. As a marshland plant, papyrus sedge stabilizes soils and reduces erosion, while some investigations show that it has potential for water purification and sewage treatment.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E.<\/strong> True paper was probably invented in China in the first century CE. Like papyrus, it was constructed from a meshwork of plant fibres, but the Chinese used fibres from the white mulberry tree, which yielded a tough, flexible material that could be folded, stretched, and compressed. The adoption of this paper by western cultures soon rendered papyrus obsolete.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Despite dreams of paper-free societies, western cultures still use enormous quantities of paper, often in ways that it would be inconceivable to use papyrus for. As a paper substitute, the role of the papyrus sedge in western cultures has been superseded; papyrus is little more than a niche product for the tourist market. What makes papyrus noteworthy for western societies nowadays is its use as the surface upon which our ancient ancestors recorded their lives, their art and their science. In the words of the ancient Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder, it is \u2018the material on which the immortality of human beings depends\u2019.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 33-37<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write the correct letter in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>33<\/strong>. What was the problem with using animal skins and wood strips for writing on?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. They did not last for a long time.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. They were not easy to store.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. They were insufficiently flexible.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. They could be destroyed by fire.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>34<\/strong>. Why did papyrus manufacturers hammer the papyrus?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. to remove water from the pith strips<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. to join the layers of pith strips together<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. to allow the pith strips to be easily cut<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. to position the layers of pith strips at the correct angle<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>35<\/strong>. When referring to burning libraries and books, the writer is suggesting that<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. information can be used for harm as well as for good.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. new ways must be found to ensure information is not lost.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. cultural knowledge depends on more than written texts.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. those in power may Wish to keep others in ignorance.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>36<\/strong>. The writer refers to Thor Heyerdahl to illustrate the point that<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. papyrus could be used as a food on long sea voyages.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. the ancient Egyptians already had advanced navigation skills.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. papyrus could be used to build boats for long sea journeys.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. the ancient Egyptians knew of the environmental benefits of papyrus<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>37<\/strong>. What does the writer conclude about papyrus today?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. It is better for the environment than using paper.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. Its significance is restricted to its role in the past.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. It is still the best writing surface for some purposes.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. More efforts need to be made to ensure it stays in use.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 38-40<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete the summary below. Choose <strong>ONE WORD ONLY<\/strong> from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>How papyrus documents have survived<\/strong><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Papyrus is rich in cellulose and in some conditions will be destroyed by fungal growths or be consumed by (<strong>38<\/strong>) __________. However, it can survive for long periods in an environment that is dry. It has been found in a 5,000-year-old (<strong>39<\/strong>) __________ in Egypt, and in Herculaneum many papyrus documents were preserved following a huge (<strong>40<\/strong>) __________ in 79 CE. in the town of Oxyrhynchus, unwanted administrative documents were left on rubbish dumps which were covered with sand, preserving them for many years.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ec5581 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"3ec5581\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6581\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Answers<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6581\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6581\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. True<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. False<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. False<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. Not given<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. True<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6. False<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8. E<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">9. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">11. E<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">12. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">13. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">14. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">15. Hospitality Department<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">16. Academic Calendar<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">17. 1st October<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">18. (the) Nominated Contractor<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">19. Permits \/ Tickets<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20. (outside) Concorde building<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">21. 26 weeks<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">22. 6 weeks<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">23. 112.75<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">24. 39 weeks<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">25. Antenatal clinics<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">26. Personal circumstances<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">27. (individual) Grants<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">28. ii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">29. viii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">30. vii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">31. iii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">32. vi<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">33. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">34. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">35. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">36. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">37. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">38. Insects<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">39. Tomb<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">40. Eruption<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SECTION 1: Questions 1-14 Read the text below and answer Questions 1-6. TRANSITION CAKE FOR THE ELOEHLY What is transition care?Transition care is for older people who have been receiving medical treatment, but need more help to recover, and time to make a decision about the best place for them to live in the longer [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general-reading-practice"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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