{"id":7820,"date":"2022-11-26T12:14:30","date_gmt":"2022-11-26T12:14:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/?p=7820"},"modified":"2022-11-26T12:25:58","modified_gmt":"2022-11-26T12:25:58","slug":"cambridge-academic-books-6-test-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/index.php\/2022\/11\/26\/cambridge-academic-books-6-test-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Cambridge Academic Books 6 Test 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7820\" class=\"elementor elementor-7820\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4be799c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4be799c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c4251b\" data-id=\"4c4251b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3725dc38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3725dc38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>READING PASSAGE &#8211; 1<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.<\/span><\/p><p><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong> The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1985. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong> So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made films the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong> One of the Lumiere Brothers\u2019 earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a \u2018work of genius\u2019. \u2018As the train approached,\u2019 wrote Tarkovsky, \u2019panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong> Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of films became familiar, the magic was accepted- but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audience and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong> One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded at least in film fiction- have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery-the cars, the cities, the cowboys became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong> And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20-th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Rome. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive encyclopaedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>G.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong> The &#8216;star&#8217; was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema&#8217;s most strange and enduring legacies.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H.<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>I.<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television -as a strange noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories- early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>J.<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again -that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality. <\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 1-5<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J. Which paragraph contains the following information?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1<\/strong>. the location of the first cinema<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2<\/strong>. how cinema came to focus on stories<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3<\/strong>. the speed with which cinema has changed<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>4<\/strong>. how cinema teaches us about other cultures<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>5<\/strong>. the attraction of actors in films<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 6-9<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">YES\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if the statement agrees with the views of the writer<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NO\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 if the statement contradicts the views of the writer<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NOT GIVEN\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>6<\/strong>. It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>7<\/strong>. The Lumiere Brothers&#8217; film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>8<\/strong>. Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>9<\/strong>. Storylines were important in very early cinema.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 10-13<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>10<\/strong>. The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrate<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. the simplicity of early films. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. the impact of early films.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. how short early films were. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. how imaginative early films were.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>11<\/strong>. In Tarkovsky&#8217;s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. aims to impress its audience. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. tells stories better through books.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. illustrates the passing of lime. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. describes familiar events.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>12<\/strong>. When cinema first began, people thought that<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. it would always tell stories. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. it should be used in fairgrounds.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. US audiences were unappreciative. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. its future was uncertain.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>13<\/strong>. What is the best title for this passage?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. The rise of the cinema star <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. Cinema and novels compared<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. The domination of Hollywood <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. The power of the big screen<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69a94a9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69a94a9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-761b20d0\" data-id=\"761b20d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c31b3ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7c31b3ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a1ef2ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7a1ef2ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fc4bc6d\" data-id=\"6fc4bc6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3655d8f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3655d8f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>READING PASSAGE &#8211; 2<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You should spend about 20 minutes on Question <strong>14-27<\/strong>. Which are based on Reading Passage 2 below?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 14-18<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reading Passage 1 contains six Key Points. Choose the correct heading for Key Points <strong>TWO to SIX<\/strong> from the list of headings below. Write the correct number,<strong> I &#8211; viii<\/strong>, in boxes <strong>14-18<\/strong> on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"425\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>List of Headings<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>i<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure the reward system is fair<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>ii<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Match rewards to individuals<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>iii<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure targets are realistic<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>iv<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Link rewards to achievement<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>v<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Encourage managers to take more responsibility<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>vi<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Recognise changes in employees&#8217; performance over time<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>vii<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Establish targets and give feedback<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>viii<\/strong>\u00a0 Ensure employees are suited to their jobs<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"198\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Example\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Key Point One\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 viii<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>14.<\/strong> Key Point Two<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>15. <\/strong>Key Point Three<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>16. <\/strong>Key Point Four<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>17. <\/strong>Key Point Five<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>18. <\/strong>Key Point Six<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Motivating Employees under Adverse Condition<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>THE CHALLENGE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create Slings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose- those with me highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Morale also surfers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time-sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>KEY POINT ONE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>KEY POINT TWO<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>KEY POINT THREE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management&#8217;s perceptions of the employee&#8217;s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>KEY POINT FOUR<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement far one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>KEY POINT FIVE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee&#8217;s specific goals. Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone&#8217;s remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>KEY POINT SIX<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the Fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers&#8217; list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person&#8217;s equity is another&#8217;s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 19-24<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2? In boxes <strong>19-24<\/strong> on your answer sheet, write:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>YES<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NO<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOT GIVEN<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>19<\/strong>. A shrinking organisation tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>20<\/strong>. It is easier to manage a small business than a large business.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>21<\/strong>. High achievers are well-suited to team work.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>22<\/strong>. Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>23<\/strong>. The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>24<\/strong>. Employees&#8217; earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organisation.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 25-27<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Look at the follow groups of workers (Question25-27) and the list of descriptions below. Match each group with the correct description, <strong>A -E<\/strong>. Write the correct letter, <strong>A &#8211; E<\/strong>, in boxes <strong>25-27<\/strong> on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>25<\/strong>. high achievers _____<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>26<\/strong>. clerical workers _____<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>27<\/strong>. production workers _____<\/span><\/p><table width=\"100%\"><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>List of Descriptions<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A.\u00a0 They judge promotion to be important.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B.\u00a0 They have less need of external goals.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C.\u00a0 They think that the quality of their work is important.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D.\u00a0 They resist goals which are imposed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">E.\u00a0 They have limited job options.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f69fb02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f69fb02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df77401\" data-id=\"df77401\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7376317e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7376317e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-217a3c12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"217a3c12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a91c7ad\" data-id=\"4a91c7ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ca4d561 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ca4d561\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">READING PASSAGE &#8211; 3<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Search for the Anti-aging Pill<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging- the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie* yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1, 750. Few mortals could stick to chat harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a &#8216;caloric-restriction mimetic&#8217;, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction&#8217;s benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The benefits of caloric restriction<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction&#8217;s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population&#8217;s average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body&#8217;s rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans- rhesus and squirrel monkeys- have scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>calorie<\/strong>: a measure of the energy value of food.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The monkey projects demonstrate that compared with control animals that eat normally. caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease) and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum lifespans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic works<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose, it has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery&#8217;s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and t such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn&#8217;t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such &#8216;luxuries&#8217; as growth and reproduction.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 28-32<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">YES\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NO\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NOT GIVEN\u00a0 \u00a0 if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>28<\/strong>. Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>29<\/strong>. There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>30<\/strong>. Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>31<\/strong>. Diet-related diseases are common in older people.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>32<\/strong>. In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted to lead shorter lives than rats on a low-calorie diet.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 33-37<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Classify the following descriptions as relating to<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A<\/strong>. caloric-restricted mimetic\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong>B.<\/strong> control monkeys<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C<\/strong>. neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeys<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write the correct letter, <strong>A, B or C<\/strong>, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>33<\/strong>. Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>34<\/strong>. Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>35<\/strong>. Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>36<\/strong>. Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>37<\/strong>. Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 38-40<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete the flowchart below. Choose <strong>NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS<\/strong> from the passage for each answer.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\">How a caloric-restriction mimetic works<\/span><\/h3><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7827\" src=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"523\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/6.jpg 523w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/6-300x182.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 523px) 100vw, 523px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1268a9be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1268a9be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b2fbc5d\" data-id=\"6b2fbc5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b7b5ef4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5b7b5ef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-728e490a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"728e490a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6468af46\" data-id=\"6468af46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1389a2ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"1389a2ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3271\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3271\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Answers<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3271\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3271\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. I<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. J<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. E<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. G<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6. YES<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">9. NO<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">11. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">12. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">13. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">14. vii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">15. iii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">16. ii<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">17. iv<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">18. i<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">19. NO<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">21. NO<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">22. YES<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">23. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">24. YES<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">25. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">26. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">27. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">28. NO<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">29. YES<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">30. YES<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">31. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">32. YES<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">33. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">34. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">35. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">36. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">37. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">38. GLUCOSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">39. FREE RADICALS<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">40. PRESERVATION<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>READING PASSAGE &#8211; 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. A.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1985. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7820","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academic-reading"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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