{"id":7699,"date":"2022-11-23T13:36:19","date_gmt":"2022-11-23T13:36:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/?p=7699"},"modified":"2022-11-23T13:44:36","modified_gmt":"2022-11-23T13:44:36","slug":"cambridge-academic-books-10-test-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/index.php\/2022\/11\/23\/cambridge-academic-books-10-test-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Cambridge Academic Books 10 test 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7699\" class=\"elementor elementor-7699\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5bb5d573 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5bb5d573\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e380b3\" data-id=\"3e380b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d17c214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d17c214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Reading Passage 1<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Stepwells<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention \u2013 the stepwell \u2013 goes beyond its utilitarian application.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasn\u2019t been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In Patan, the state\u2019s ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queen\u2019s Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of India\u2019s oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically it\u2019s perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars to overlook the steps.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the country\u2019s rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 1-5<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-5 write:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TRUE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0if the statement agrees with the information<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">FALSE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement contradicts the information<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NOT GIVEN\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if there is no information on this<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1<\/strong>. Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2<\/strong>. Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3<\/strong>. The few existing stepwells in Delhi are more attractive than those found elsewhere.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>4<\/strong>. It took workers many years to build the stone steps characteristic of stepwells.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>5<\/strong>. The number of steps above the water level in a stepwell altered during the course of a year.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 6-8<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Answer the questions below. Choose <strong>ONE WORD ONLY<\/strong> from the passage.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>6<\/strong>. Which part of some stepwells provided shade for people?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>7<\/strong>. What type of serious climatic event, which took part in southern Rajasthan is mentioned in the article?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>8<\/strong>. Who are frequent visitors to stepwells nowadays?<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 9-13<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete the table below. Choose <strong>TWO WORDS AND\/OR A NUMBER<\/strong> from the passage.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"139\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Stepwell<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"84\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Date<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"227\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Features<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"262\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Other notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"139\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rani ki Vav<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"84\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Late 11<sup>th<\/sup> century<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"227\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As many as 500 sculptures decorate the monument<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"262\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Restored in the 1960s<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Excellent condition despite the <strong>9<\/strong>____________ of 2001<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"139\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Surya Kund<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"84\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1026<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"227\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Steps on the <strong>10<\/strong>_____________ produce a geometrical pattern<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"262\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Looks more like a <strong>11<\/strong> ____________ than a well<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"139\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Raniji ki Baori<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"84\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1699<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"227\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Intricately carved monument<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"262\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One of 21 Baoris in the area commissioned by Queen Nathavatji<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"139\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Chand Baori<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"84\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1850 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"227\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Steps take you down 11 storeys to the bottom<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"262\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Old deep and very dramatic<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Has <strong>12<\/strong> ______________ which provide a view of the steps<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"139\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Neemrana ki Baori<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"84\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1700<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"227\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Has two <strong>13<\/strong> ____________ levels<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"262\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Used by public today<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74577d03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74577d03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-77582fd7\" data-id=\"77582fd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12b92cfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"12b92cfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e372dbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e372dbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f852f32\" data-id=\"2f852f32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78ade415 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78ade415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Reading Passage 2<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>European Transport Systems 1990-2010<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A<\/strong>. It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic growth without an efficient transport system. Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase. There are two key factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the determining factor is the spectacular growth in car use. The number of cars on European Union (EU] roads saw an increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade the EU will see a further substantial increase in its fleet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B<\/strong>. As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to a large extent to changes in the European economy and its system of production. In the last 20 years, as internal frontiers have been abolished, the EU has moved from a \u2018stock\u2019 economy to a \u2018flow\u2019 economy. This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C<\/strong>. The strong economic growth expected in countries which are candidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, in particular road haulage traffic. In 1998, some of these countries already exported more than twice their 1990 volumes and imported more than five times their 1990 volumes. And although many candidate countries inherited a transport system which encourages rail, the distribution between modes has tipped sharply in favour of road transport since the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1998, road haulage increased by 19.4%, while during the same period rail haulage decreased by 43.5%, although \u2013 and this could benefit the enlarged EU \u2013 it is still on average at a much higher level than in existing member states.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D<\/strong>. However, a new imperative \u2013 sustainable development \u2013 offers an opportunity for adapting the EU\u2019s common transport policy. This objective, agreed by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be achieved by integrating environmental considerations into Community policies, and shifting the balance between modes of transport lies at the heart of its strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainable transport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years\u2019 time, that is by 2040.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E<\/strong>. In 1998, energy consumption in the transport sector was to blame for 28% of emissions of C02, the leading greenhouse gas. According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020, compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO2 emissions attributable to transport. Using alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is thus both an ecological necessity and a technological challenge.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F<\/strong>. At the same time greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift. Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a century of constant deterioration in favour of road. This has reached such a pitch that today rail freight services are facing marginalisation, with just 8% of market share, and with international goods trains struggling along at an average speed of 18km\/h. Three possible options have emerged.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>G<\/strong>. The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing. This option would not be accompanied by complementary measures in the other modes of transport. In the short term it might curb the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the increase in the price of transport. However, the lack of measures available to revitalise other modes of transport would make it impossible for more sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H<\/strong>. The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes [better quality of services, logistics, technology). However, this approach does not include investment in new infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional cohesion, It could help to achieve greater uncoupling than the first approach, but road transport would keep the lion\u2019s share of the market and continue to concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough to guarantee the necessary shift of the balance.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>I<\/strong>. The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalising alternative modes of transport and targeting investment in the trans-European network. This integrated approach would allow the market shares of the other modes to return to their 1998 levels and thus make a shift of balance. It is far more ambitious than it looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in favour of roads for the last fifty years, but would achieve a marked break in the link between road transport growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 14-21<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs A-I. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and G-I from the list of headings below.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"444\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>List of headings<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">i. A fresh and important long-term goal<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ii. Charging for roads and improving other transport methods<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">iii. Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">iv. Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">v. The environmental costs of road transport<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">vi. The escalating cost of rail transport<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">vii. The need to achieve transport rebalance<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">viii. The rapid growth of private transport<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ix. Plans to develop major road networks<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">x. Restricting road use through charging policies alone<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">xi. Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"272\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Example:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Paragraph F<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>vii<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>14<\/strong>. Paragraph A<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>15<\/strong>. Paragraph B<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>16<\/strong>. Paragraph C<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>17<\/strong>. Paragraph D<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>18<\/strong>. Paragraph E<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>19<\/strong>. Paragraph G<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>20<\/strong>. Paragraph H<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>21<\/strong>. Paragraph I<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 22-26<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, write<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TRUE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement agrees with the information<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">FALSE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement contradicts the information<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NOT GIVEN\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if there is no information on this<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>22<\/strong>. The need for transport is growing, despite technological developments.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>23<\/strong>. To reduce production costs, some industries have been moved closer to their relevant consumers.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>24<\/strong>. Cars are prohibitively expensive in some EU candidate countries.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>25<\/strong>. The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>26<\/strong>. By the end of this decade, CO2 emissions from transport are predicted to reach 739 billion tonnes.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-148a5d4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"148a5d4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11803ebc\" data-id=\"11803ebc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30afef9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"30afef9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f79b9d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5f79b9d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-68c1d3c2\" data-id=\"68c1d3c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e589849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e589849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Reading Passage 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Psychology of Innovation<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesn\u2019t make them feel at all creative. And there are those who don\u2019t have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies don\u2019t succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employee\u2019s values and a company\u2019s values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, they\u2019re still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One of the most famous photographs in the story of rock\u2019n\u2019roll emphasises Cialdini\u2019s views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Sun\u2019s \u2018million-dollar quartet\u2019 could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips\u2019s ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasn\u2019t inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, \u2018When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe.\u2019 Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counterintuitive \u2013 they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Managing innovation is a delicate art. It\u2019s easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it\u2019s also easy for small \u2018pockets of innovation\u2019 to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You can\u2019t brief people just by saying, \u2018We\u2019re going in this direction and I\u2019m going to take you with me.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cialdini believes that this \u2018follow-the- leader syndrome\u2019 is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. \u2018It\u2019s been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field.\u2019 To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. \u2018When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren\u2019t the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, \u201cwas so intelligent she rarely sought advice\u201d.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. \u2018The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don\u2019t even recognise it,\u2019 says Cialdini. \u2018If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it.\u2019 Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss\u2019s speech.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individual\u2019s engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: \u2018I like Kellogg\u2019s Corn Flakes because\u2026.\u2019 The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Authority doesn\u2019t have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls \u2018captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs\u2019. He calls it captainitis because, he says, \u2018crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision\u2019. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom \u2018the only rule was that there were no rules\u2019. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2018Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention.\u2019 The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 27-30<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>27<\/strong>. The example of the \u2018million-dollar quartet\u2019 underlines the writer\u2019s point about<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. recognising talent<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. working as a team<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. having a shared objective<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. being an effective leader<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>28<\/strong>. James Watson suggests that he and Francis Crick won the race to discover the DNA code because they<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. were conscious of their own limitations<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. brought complementary skills to their partnership<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. were determined to outperform their brighter rivals <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. encouraged each other to realise their joint ambition<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>29<\/strong>. The writer mentions competitions on breakfast cereal packets as an example of how to<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. inspire creative thinking<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. generate concise writing<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. promote loyalty to a group<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. strengthen commitment to an idea<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>30<\/strong>. In the last paragraph, the writer suggests that it is important for employees to<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. be aware of their company\u2019s goals<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. feel that their contributions are valued<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. have respect for their co-workers\u2019 achievements <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. understand why certain management decisions are made<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 31-35<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"527\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>31<\/strong>. Employees whose values match those of their employers are more likely to<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>32<\/strong>. At times of change, people tend to<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>33<\/strong>. If people are aware of what they might lose, they will often<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>34<\/strong>. People working under a dominant boss are liable to<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>35<\/strong>. Employees working in organisations with few rules are more likely to<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"170\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. take chances<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. share their ideas<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. become competitive<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. get promotion<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">E. avoid risk<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">F. ignore their duties<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">G. remain in their jobs<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 36-40<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">YES\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NO\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NOT GIVEN\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>36<\/strong>. The physical surroundings in which a person works play a key role in determining their creativity.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>37<\/strong>. Most people have the potential to be creative.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>38<\/strong>. Teams work best when their members are of equally matched intelligence.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>39<\/strong>. It is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>40<\/strong>. A manager\u2019s approval of an idea is more persuasive than that of a colleague.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b75a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b75a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-63f26a93\" data-id=\"63f26a93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-356d31d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"356d31d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4e0455e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4e0455e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4290da47\" data-id=\"4290da47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30b3dde elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"30b3dde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-5101\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-5101\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Answers<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-5101\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-5101\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6. PAVILIONS<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7. DROUGHT<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8. TOURISTS<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">9. EARTHQUAKES<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10. 4 SIDES<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">11. TANK<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">12. VERANDAS<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">13. UNDERWATER<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">14. VIII<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">15. III<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">16. XI<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">17. I<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">18. V<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">19. X<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20. II<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">21. IV<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">22. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">23. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">24. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">25. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">26. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">27. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">28. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">29. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">30. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">31. G<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">32. E<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">33. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">34. F<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">35. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">36. NO<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">37. YES<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">38. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">39. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">40. NO <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cambridge Academic Books 10 test 1: &#8211; Stepwells, European Transport Systems 1990-2010, The Psychology of Innovation<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7699","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academic-reading"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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