{"id":7665,"date":"2022-11-23T12:28:41","date_gmt":"2022-11-23T12:28:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/?p=7665"},"modified":"2022-11-23T12:35:17","modified_gmt":"2022-11-23T12:35:17","slug":"cambridge-academic-book-11-test-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/index.php\/2022\/11\/23\/cambridge-academic-book-11-test-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Cambridge Academic Book 11 Test 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7665\" class=\"elementor elementor-7665\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16849c94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16849c94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-929bdbc\" data-id=\"929bdbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ae04c30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ae04c30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>READING PASSAGE 1<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You should spend about <u>20 minutes<\/u> on Questions <strong>1-13<\/strong> which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Crop-growing skyscrapers<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth\u2019s population will live in urban centres. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% larger than Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them, if traditional farming methods continue as they are practised today.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. What can be done to ensure enough food for the world\u2019s population to live on?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required, employing cutting-edge technologies. One such proposal is for the \u2018Vertical Farm\u2019. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions. Situated in the heart of urban centres, they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers. Vertical farms would need to be efficient, cheap to construct and safe to operate. If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted. Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts. Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens. Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system. For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions. There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers. The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface. Although the system would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting nonedible parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light. Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system. Single-storey greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead light; even so, many still need artificial lighting.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more. Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight. This system is already in operation, and works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above: it Is not certain, however, that it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for a growing population. At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy. While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 1-7<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete the sentences below. Choose <strong>NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS <\/strong>from the passage for each answer.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write your answers in boxes <strong>1-7<\/strong> on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Indoor farming<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0 Some food plants, including ____________ are already grown indoors.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0 Vertical farms would be located in ___________ meaning that there would be less need to take them long distances to customers.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0 Vertical farms could use methane from plants and animals to produce ____________<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>4<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0The consumption of _____________ would be cut because agricultural vehicles would be unnecessary.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>5<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0 The fact that vertical farms would need _____________ light is a disadvantage.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>6<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0 One form of vertical farming involves planting in ____________ which are not fixed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>7<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0 The most probable development is that food will be grown on _____________ in towns and cities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 8-13<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes <strong>8-13<\/strong> on your answer sheet, write<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TRUE<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement agrees with the information<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>FALSE<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement contradicts the information<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOT GIVEN<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if there is no information on this<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>8.<\/strong>\u00a0Methods for predicting the Earth\u2019s population have recently changed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>9.<\/strong>\u00a0Human beings are responsible for some of the destruction to food-producing land.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>10.<\/strong>\u00a0The crops produced in vertical farms will depend on the season.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>11.<\/strong>\u00a0Some damage to food crops is caused by climate change.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>12.<\/strong>\u00a0 Fertilisers will be needed for certain crops in vertical farms.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>13.<\/strong>\u00a0Vertical farming will make plants less likely to be affected by infectious diseases.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bdf504 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2bdf504\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6db7a16a\" data-id=\"6db7a16a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3131239d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3131239d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f7e465c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f7e465c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1014f6ee\" data-id=\"1014f6ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b40098f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6b40098f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>READING PASSAGE 2<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You should spend about <u>20 minutes<\/u> on Questions <strong>14-26<\/strong> which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>The Falkirk Wheel<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A unique engineering achievement<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world&#8217;s first and only rotating boat lift. Opened in 2002, it is central to the ambitious \u00a384.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the historic waterways of the Forth &amp; Clyde and Union Canals.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The major challenge of the project lays in the fact that the Forth &amp; Clyde Canal is situated 35 metres below the level of the Union Canal. Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks &#8211; enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered &#8211; that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. This had been dismantled in 1933, thereby breaking the link. When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Numerous ideas were submitted for the project, including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting tanks, from giant seesaws to overhead monorails. The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel. The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled, like one giant toy building set, at Butterley Engineering&#8217;s Steelworks in Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk. A team there carefully assembled the 1,200 tonnes of steel, painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an accuracy of just 10 mm to ensure a perfect final fit. In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane. The Wheel would need to withstand immense and constantly changing stresses as it rotated, so to make the structure more robust, the steel sections were bolted rather than welded together. Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand-tightened.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to a fixed central spine.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Two diametrically opposed water-filled &#8216;gondolas&#8217;, each with a capacity of 360,000 litres, are fitted between the ends of the arms. These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats. This is because, according to Archimedes&#8217; principle of displacement, floating objects displace their own weight in water. So, when a boat enters a gondola, the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat. This keeps the Wheel balanced and so, despite its enormous mass, it rotates through 180\u00b0 in five and a half minutes while using very little power. It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate the Wheel -roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth &amp; Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin. The water between the gates is then pumped out. A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn. In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central axle. The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which begin to rotate at a speed of 1\/8 of a revolution per minute. As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs &#8211; so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level. When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks. The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 14-19<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes <strong>1-6<\/strong> on your answer sheet, write<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TRUE<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement agrees with the information<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>FALSE<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if the statement contradicts the information<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOT<\/strong> <strong>GIVEN<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 if there is no information on this<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>14<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Falkirk Wheel has linked the Forth &amp; Clyde Canal with the Union Canal for the first time in their history.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>15<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 There was some opposition to the design of the Falkirk Wheel at first.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>16<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Falkirk Wheel was initially put together at the location where its components were manufactured.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>17<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Falkirk Wheel is the only boat lift in the world which has steel sections bolted together by hand.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>18<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The weight of the gondolas varies according to the size of boat being carried.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>19<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The construction of the Falkirk Wheel site took into account the presence of a nearby ancient monument.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 7-13<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Label the diagram below. Choose <strong>ONE WORD<\/strong> from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes <strong>7-13<\/strong> on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7668\" src=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"772\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/11.png 772w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/11-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/11-768x548.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3cf9916f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3cf9916f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e20f291\" data-id=\"e20f291\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba3381a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ba3381a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-13fe196a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"13fe196a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-338f947f\" data-id=\"338f947f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714cc752 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"714cc752\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Reading passage 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You should spend about <u>20 minutes<\/u> on Questions <strong>27-40<\/strong> which are based on Reading Passage 3 below<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Reducing the Effects of Climate Change<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Mark Rowe reports on the increasingly ambitious geo-engineering projects being explored by scientists<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable. They believe that the best we can do is keep it at a reasonable level, and at present, the only serious option for doing this is cutting back on our carbon emissions. But while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing it. Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering \u2014 a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment. According to its proponents, geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator: if Plan A &#8211; reducing our dependency on fossil fuels &#8211; fails, we require a Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Geo-engineering; has been shown to work, at least on a small localised scale. For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet. The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University of Arizona. His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion-minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth. This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out \u2014 which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae &#8211; have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth. But some look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles, particularly the Arctic. The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists. This would involve using Sulphur or hydrogen Sulphide aerosols so that Sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 \u00b0C. Scientists have also scrutinised whether it&#8217;s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Meanwhile, in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Whereas the -regions native evergreen pines shade the snow an absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow. Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 But will such schemes ever be implemented? Generally speaking, those who are most cautious about geo-engineering are the scientists involved in the research. Angel says that his plan is \u2018no substitute for developing renewable energy: the only permanent solution&#8217;. And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: &#8216;I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. That\u2019s certainly something to worry about.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The US National Center for Atmospheric Research has already suggested that the proposal to inject Sulphur into the atmosphere might affect rainfall patterns across the tropics and the Southern Ocean. \u2018Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,\u2019 says Rasch. \u2018But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>G<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can \u201covershoot Y says Dr Dan Hunt, from the University of Bristol\u2019s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate. \u2018You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialisation. To avoid such a scenario,\u201d Hunt says, \u201cAngel\u2019s project would have to operate at half strength; all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo-engineering altogether.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The main reason why geo-engineering is supported by many in the scientific community is that most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree &#8211; and then bring in \u2014 the necessary carbon cuts. Even leading conservation organisations see the value of investigating the potential of geo-engineering. According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund\u2019s International Arctic Programme, \u2018Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn\u2019t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 27-29<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs <strong>A-H<\/strong>. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, <strong>A-H<\/strong>, in boxes <strong>27-29<\/strong> on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>27<\/strong>. mention of a geo-engineering project based on an earlier natural phenomenon<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>28<\/strong>. an example of a successful use of geo-engineering<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>29<\/strong>. a common definition of geo-engineering<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 30-36. <\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete the table below. Choose <strong>ONE WORD<\/strong> from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 30-36 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>GEO-ENGINEERING PROJECTS<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"332\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Procedure<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"368\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Aim<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"332\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">put a large number of tiny spacecrafts into orbit far above Earth<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"368\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">to create a\u00a0<strong>30<\/strong>_____________that would reduce the amount of light reaching Earth<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"332\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">place\u00a0<strong>31<\/strong>_____________in the sea<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"368\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">to encourage\u00a0<strong>32<\/strong>_________________to form<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"332\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">release aerosol sprays into the stratosphere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"368\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">to create\u00a0<strong>33\u00a0<\/strong>__________ that would reduce the amount of light reaching Earth<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"332\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">fix strong\u00a0<strong>34<\/strong>__________to Greenland ice sheets<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"368\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">to prevent icebergs moving into the sea<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"332\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">plant trees in Russian Arctic that would lose their leaves in winter<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"368\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">to allow the\u00a0<strong>35<\/strong>______________to reflect radiation<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"332\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0change the direction of <strong>36<\/strong>__________________<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"368\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">to bring more cold water into ice-forming areas<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 37-40<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Look at the following statements (Questions <strong>37-40<\/strong>) and the list of scientists below. Match each statement with the correct scientist, <strong>A-D<\/strong>. Write the correct letter, <strong>A-D<\/strong>, in boxes <strong>37-40<\/strong> on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>37<\/strong>. The effects of geo-engineering may not be long-lasting.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>38<\/strong>. Geo-engineering is a topic worth exploring.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>39<\/strong>. It may be necessary to limit the effectiveness of geo-engineering projects.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>40<\/strong>. Research into non-fossil-based fuels cannot be replaced by geo-engineering.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"196\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>List of Scientists<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Roger Angel<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Phil Rasch<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dan Lunt<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Martin Sommerkorn<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7d8fd170 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7d8fd170\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1aeeabc6\" data-id=\"1aeeabc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37666eea elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"37666eea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a3595a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3a3595a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5174be96\" data-id=\"5174be96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cde2e27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"6cde2e27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Answers<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. tomatoes <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. urban centres\/centers <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. energy <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. fossil fuel <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. artificial <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6. (stacked) trays <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7. (urban) rooftops<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8. NOT GIVEN <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">9. TRUE <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10. FALSE <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">11. TRUE <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">12. FALSE <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">13. TRUE <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">14. FALSE <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">15. NOT GIVEN <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">16. TRUE <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">17. NOT GIVEN <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">18. FALSE <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">19. TRUE <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20. gates <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">21. clamp<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">22. axle<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">23. cogs<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">24. aqueduct<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">25. wall<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">26. locks<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">27. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">28. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">29. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">30. sunshade<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">31. iron<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">32. algae<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">33. clouds<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">34. cables<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">35. snow<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">36. rivers<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">37. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">38. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">39. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">40. A<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Reading Passages: &#8211; Crop-growing skyscrapers, The Falkirk Wheel, Reducing the Effects of Climate Change<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academic-reading"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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