{"id":7491,"date":"2022-11-22T11:21:54","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T11:21:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/?p=7491"},"modified":"2022-11-22T11:40:17","modified_gmt":"2022-11-22T11:40:17","slug":"cambridge-academic-book-16-test-3-roman-shipbuilding-and-navigation-climate-change-reveals-ancient-artefacts-in-norways-glaciers-plant-thermometer-triggers-springtime-growth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/index.php\/2022\/11\/22\/cambridge-academic-book-16-test-3-roman-shipbuilding-and-navigation-climate-change-reveals-ancient-artefacts-in-norways-glaciers-plant-thermometer-triggers-springtime-growth\/","title":{"rendered":"Cambridge Academic Book 16 Test 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7491\" class=\"elementor elementor-7491\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6da947ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6da947ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4bec418e\" data-id=\"4bec418e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150af638 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"150af638\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reading Passage 1<\/span><\/strong><\/p><h3><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Roman shipbuilding and navigation<\/span><\/strong><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience. The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land- based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging. Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship. Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together. Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching. Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship. This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times. The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequalled until the 16th century CE.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy. They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull. They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea\u2019s surface following naval battles. They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels. Warships used both wind (sails) and human power (oarsmen) and were therefore very fast. Eventually, Rome\u2019s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning \u2018our sea\u2019.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There were many kinds of warship. The \u2018trireme\u2019 was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 rowers in each bank. The rowers at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers and were exposed to the water entering through the oar-holes. It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military. The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost. They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability. Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast. They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables. They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow. Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task. In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials (e.g. iron bars, copper, marble and granite), and agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt\u2019s Nile valley). During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about one million inhabitants. Goods from all over the world would come to the city through the port of Pozzuoli situated west of the bay of Naples in Italy and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River. Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely. Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience, local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena. In conditions of good visibility, seamen in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation. They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognisable landmarks. When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or, with less accuracy, from the Sun at noon. They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their Empire.<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Questions 1-5<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TRUE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if the statement agrees with the information<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">FALSE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if the statement contradicts the information<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NOT GIVEN\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if there is no information on this<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1<\/strong>. The Romans\u2019 shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2<\/strong>. Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing planks.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3<\/strong>. The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull before the frame.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>4<\/strong>. The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>5<\/strong>. Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army.<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Questions 6-13<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete the summary below. Choose <strong>ONE WORD ONLY<\/strong> from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Warships and merchant ships<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Warships were designed so that they were (<strong>6<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. and moved quickly. They often remained afloat after battles and were able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. A battering ram made of (<strong>7<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber and oars of enemy ships. Warships, such as the \u2018trireme\u2019, had rowers on three different (<strong>8<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 Unlike warships, merchant ships had a broad (<strong>9<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships were steered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. They had both square and (<strong>10<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 sails. On merchant ships and warships, (<strong>11<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.was used to ensure rowers moved their oars in and out of the water at the same time. Quantities of agricultural goods such as (<strong>12<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. were transported by merchant ships to two main ports in Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by (<strong>13<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.When the weather was clear and they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew to help them navigate their route.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-20cbf1c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"20cbf1c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-44098e16\" data-id=\"44098e16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4651f8ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4651f8ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e69b8d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e69b8d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65e6eb4d\" data-id=\"65e6eb4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63da325d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63da325d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reading Passage 2<\/span><\/strong><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Climate change reveals ancient artefacts in Norway\u2019s glaciers<\/span><\/strong><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A<\/strong>. Well above the treeline in Norway\u2019s highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth\u2019s climate warms. As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years \u2013 items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age traders. And those artefacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B<\/strong>. Organic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites. This is because unless they\u2019re protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend not to last long. Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artefacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years, but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly. With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artefacts, preserve them, and study them. If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science, or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well-preserved. The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C<\/strong>. Over a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Pilo of Oppland County Council, Norway, and James Barrett of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oppland, an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country\u2019s highest mountains. Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age**, hunters followed. In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oppland, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe. The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases, so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1,400 metres. That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow. \u2018Fieldwork is hard work \u2013 hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost \u2013 but very rewarding. You\u2019re rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention, discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment,\u2019 says Barrett.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D<\/strong>. At the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artefacts, which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BCE to the beginnings of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Many of the artefacts are associated with hunting. Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home. Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oppland: all-purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E<\/strong>. Barrett\u2019s team radiocarbon-dated 153 of the artefacts and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region \u2013 such as periods of cooling or warming \u2013 and major social and economic shifts \u2013 such as the growth of farming settlements and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the Viking Age. They found that some periods had produced lots of artefacts, which indicates that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times. But there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F<\/strong>. What was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods. Oppland\u2019s mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold, glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult. Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the Late Antique Little Ice Age, a short period of deeper-than-usual cold from about 536-600 CE. But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold, based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there. \u2018Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period, perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures,\u2019 says Barrett. A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>G<\/strong>. Many of the artefacts Barrett\u2019s team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking Age, the 700s through to the 900s CE. Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe and the Middle East were expanding around this time. Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods travelled on overland routes, like the mountain passes of Oppland. And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hides to fight off the cold, as well as antlers to make useful things like combs. Business must have been good for hunters.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H<\/strong>. Norway\u2019s mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history \u2013 and prehistory \u2013 in remote ice patches. When Barrett\u2019s team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artefacts, they noticed a gap with almost no artefacts from about 3,800 to 2,200 BCE. In fact, archaeological finds from that period are rare all over Norway. The researchers say that could be because many of those artefacts have already disintegrated or are still frozen in the ice. That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artefacts from retreating ice in years to come.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Questions 14-19<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A-H. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>14<\/strong>. an explanation for weapons being left behind in the mountains<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>15<\/strong>. a reference to the physical difficulties involved in an archaeological expedition<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>16<\/strong>. an explanation of why less food may have been available<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>17<\/strong>. a reference to the possibility of future archaeological discoveries<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>18<\/strong>. examples of items that would have been traded<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>19<\/strong>. a reference to the pressure archaeologists are under to work quickly<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Questions 20-22<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete the summary below. Choose <strong>ONE WORD ONLY<\/strong> from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Interesting finds at an archaeological site<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Organic materials such as animal skins and textiles are not discovered very often at archaeological sites. They have little protection against (<strong>20<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. , which means that they decay relatively quickly. But this is not always the case. If temperatures are low enough, fragile artefacts can be preserved for thousands of years. A team of archaeologists have been working in the mountains in Oppland in Norway to recover artefacts revealed by shrinking ice cover. In the past, there were trade routes through these mountains and (<strong>21<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. gathered there in the summer months to avoid being attacked by (<strong>22<\/strong>)\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. on lower ground. The people who used these mountains left things behind and it is those objects that are of interest to archaeologists.<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Questions 23 and 24<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose <strong>TWO<\/strong> letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Which <strong>TWO<\/strong> of the following statements does the writer make about the discoveries of Barrett\u2019s team?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. Artefacts found in the higher mountain passes were limited to skiing equipment.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. Hunters went into the mountains even during periods of extreme cold.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. The number of artefacts from certain time periods was relatively low.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. Radiocarbon dating of artefacts produced some unreliable results.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">E. More artefacts were found in Oppland than at any other mountain site.<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Questions 25 and 26<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose <strong>TWO<\/strong> letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Which <strong>TWO<\/strong> of the following statements does the writer make about the Viking Age?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. Hunters at this time benefited from an increased demand for goods.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. The beginning of the period saw the greatest growth in the wealth of Vikings.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. Vikings did not rely on ships alone to transport goods.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. Norwegian towns at this time attracted traders from around the world.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">E. Vikings were primarily interested in their trading links with the Middle East.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-730c1825 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"730c1825\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d258798\" data-id=\"2d258798\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e517885 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5e517885\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52353dd9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52353dd9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-597479f4\" data-id=\"597479f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18c9ad75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18c9ad75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reading Passage 3<\/span><\/strong><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Plant \u2018thermometer\u2019 triggers springtime growth by measuring night-time heat<\/span><\/strong><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A<\/strong>. An international team of scientists led by the University of Cambridge has discovered that the \u2018thermometer\u2019 molecule in plants enables them to develop according to seasonal temperature changes. Researchers have revealed that molecules called phytochromes \u2013 used by plants to detect light during the day \u2013 actually change their function in darkness to become cellular temperature gauges that measure the heat of the night. The new findings, published in the journal Science, show that phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature as well as light to dictate plant development.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B<\/strong>. At night, these molecules change states, and the pace at which they change is \u2018directly proportional to temperature\u2019, say scientists, who compare phytochromes to mercury in a thermometer. The warmer it is, the faster the molecular change \u2013 stimulating plant growth.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C<\/strong>. Farmers and gardeners have known for hundreds of years how responsive plants are to temperature: warm winters cause many trees and flowers to bud early, something humans have long used to predict weather and harvest times for the coming year. The latest research pinpoints for the first time a molecular mechanism in plants that reacts to temperature \u2013 often triggering the buds of spring we long to see at the end of winter.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D<\/strong>. With weather and temperatures set to become ever more unpredictable due to climate change, researchers say the discovery that this light-sensing molecule also functions as the internal thermometer in plant cells could help us breed tougher crops. \u2018It is estimated that agricultural yields will need to double by 2050, but climate change is a major threat to achieving this. Key crops such as wheat and rice are sensitive to high temperatures. Thermal stress reduces crop yields by around 10% for every one degree increase in temperature,\u2019 says lead researcher Dr Philip Wigge from Cambridge\u2019s Sainsbury Laboratory. \u2018Discovering the molecules that allow plants to sense temperature has the potential to accelerate the breeding of crops resilient to thermal stress and climate change.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E<\/strong>. In their active state, phytochrome molecules bind themselves to DNA to restrict plant growth. During the day, sunlight activates the molecules, slowing down growth. If a plant finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly inactivated \u2013 enabling it to grow faster to find sunlight again. This is how plants compete to escape each other\u2019s shade. \u2018Light-driven changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, in less than a second,\u2019 says Wigge. At night, however, it\u2019s a different story. Instead of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the molecules gradually change from their active to inactive state. This is called \u2018dark reversion\u2019. \u2018Just as mercury rises in a thermometer, the rate at which phytochromes revert to their inactive state during the night is a direct measure of temperature,\u2019 says Wigge.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F<\/strong>. \u2018The lower the temperature, the slower the rate at which phytochromes revert to inactivity, so the molecules spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state. This is why plants are slower to grow in winter. Warm temperatures accelerate dark reversion, so that phytochromes rapidly reach an inactive state and detach themselves from the plant\u2019s DNA \u2013 allowing genes to be expressed and plant growth to resume.\u2019 Wigge believes phytochrome thermo-sensing evolved at a later stage, and co-opted the biological network already used for light-based growth during the downtime of night.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>G<\/strong>. Some plants mainly use day length as an indicator of the season. Other species, such as daffodils, have considerable temperature sensitivity, and can flower months in advance during a warm winter. In fact, the discovery of the dual role of phytochromes provides the science behind a well-known rhyme long used to predict the coming season: oak before ash we\u2019ll have a splash, ash before oak we\u2019re in for a soak. Wigge explains: \u2018Oak trees rely much more on temperature, likely using phytochromes as thermometers to dictate development, whereas ash trees rely on measuring day length to determine their seasonal timing. A warmer spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a hot summer, will result in oak leafing before ash. A cold spring will see the opposite. As the British know only too well, a colder summer is likely to be a rain-soaked one.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H<\/strong>. The new findings are the culmination of twelve years of research involving scientists from Germany, Argentina and the US, as well as the Cambridge team. The work was done in a model system, using a mustard plant called Arabidopsis, but Wigge says the phytochrome genes necessary for temperature sensing are found in crop plants as well. \u2018Recent advances in plant genetics now mean that scientists are able to rapidly identify the genes controlling these processes in crop plants, and even alter their activity using precise molecular \u201cscalpels\u201d,\u2019 adds Wigge. \u2018Cambridge is uniquely well-positioned to do this kind of research as we have outstanding collaborators nearby who work on more applied aspects of plant biology, and can help us transfer this new knowledge into the field.\u2019<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 27 \u2013 32<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TRUE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if the statement agrees with the information<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">FALSE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if the statement contradicts the information<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">NOT GIVEN\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0if there is no information on this<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>27<\/strong>. The Cambridge scientists\u2019 discovery of the \u2018thermometer molecule\u2019 caused surprise among other scientists.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>28<\/strong>. The target for agricultural production by 2050 could be missed.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>29<\/strong>. Wheat and rice suffer from a rise in temperatures.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>30<\/strong>. It may be possible to develop crops that require less water.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>31<\/strong>. Plants grow faster in sunlight than in shade.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>32<\/strong>. Phytochromes change their state at the same speed day and night.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 33-37<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>33<\/strong>. mention of specialists who can make use of the research findings<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>34<\/strong>. a reference to a potential benefit of the research findings<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>35<\/strong>. scientific support for a traditional saying<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>36<\/strong>. a reference to people traditionally making plans based on plant behaviour<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>37<\/strong>. a reference to where the research has been reported<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 38-40<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complete the sentences below. Choose <strong>NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS<\/strong> from the passage for each answer.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>38<\/strong>. Daffodils are likely to flower early in response to \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 weather.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>39<\/strong>. If ash trees come into leaf before oak trees, the weather in \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. will probably be wet.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>40<\/strong>. The research was carried out using a particular species of \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-22fad6c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"22fad6c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38814546\" data-id=\"38814546\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c23c203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c23c203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1859274e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1859274e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ac9f9f1\" data-id=\"1ac9f9f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7db13da5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"7db13da5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2101\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2101\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Answers<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2101\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2101\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6. LIGHTWEIGHT<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7. BRONZE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8. LEVELS<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">9. HULL<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10. TRIANGULAR<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">11. MUSIC<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">12. GRAIN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">13. TOWBOATS<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">14. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">15. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">16. F<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">17. H<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">18. G<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">19. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20. MICROORGANISMS\/ MICRO-ORGANISMS<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">21. REINDEER<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">22. INSECTS<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">23-24. B, C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">25-26. A, C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">27. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">28. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">29. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">30. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">31. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">32. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">33. H<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">34. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">35. G<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">36. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">37. A<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">38. WARM (WINTER)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">39. SUMMER<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">40. MUSTARD PLANT(S)\/ MUSTARD <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cambridge Academic Book 16 Test 3 Roman shipbuilding and navigation Climate change reveals ancient artefacts in Norway\u2019s glaciers Plant \u2018thermometer\u2019 triggers springtime growth by measuring night-time heat<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7491","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academic-reading"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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