{"id":3816,"date":"2020-06-10T01:30:34","date_gmt":"2020-06-10T01:30:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/?p=3816"},"modified":"2023-12-02T13:19:12","modified_gmt":"2023-12-02T13:19:12","slug":"having-a-lovely-time-study-notes-series-a-stone-age-approach-to-exercise","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/index.php\/2020\/06\/10\/having-a-lovely-time-study-notes-series-a-stone-age-approach-to-exercise\/","title":{"rendered":"General Reading Practice Test \u2013 53"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3816\" class=\"elementor elementor-3816\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d261b17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d261b17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e8f89fc\" data-id=\"7e8f89fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d608208 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d608208\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Section 1 &#8211; Questions 1 &#8211; 14<\/span><\/h2><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You are advised to spend 20 minutes on <strong>Questions 1-14.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Look at the article about holidays and at the statements (1-8) below.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 1-8<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TRUE<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 if the statement is true<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>FALSE<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 if the statement is false<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOTGIVEN<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0if the information is not given in the passage<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1<\/strong>. Solving problem can be hard work for the holiday \u2013 maker.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2<\/strong>. The most common problem for holiday \u2013 makers is crowded airport.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>3<\/strong>. Overall, holiday accommodation poses few problems.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>4<\/strong>. Tour companies provide a satisfactory level of information to holiday &#8211; makers.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>5<\/strong>. A low-cost holiday should still offer some high-quality services.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>6<\/strong>. Hotel staff can advise you on who you should complain to.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>7<\/strong>. Photographs may help to support an argument about a holiday problem.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>8<\/strong>. If you are not good at writing letters, find someone to help you.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"708\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Having a Lovely Time?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A chance to relax and leave your worries behind? For some, holidays are nothing but trouble as the results of one survey showed<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When you think about it, it&#8217;s amazing that anyone gets away with a carefree holiday. It seems there is limitless potential for things to go wrong, from flight delays and lost luggage to poor accommodation.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A recent questionnaire showed that a third of people who replied had a complaint about their holiday last year. And when these unhappy holiday\u00ad makers discussed the problem with their tour company nearly half said it involved time and effort on their part to resolve things.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When asked exactly what the reasons were for their dissatisfaction top of the list was flight delays and 20 per cent of holiday-makers to Europe said they had to wait up to an hour.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">More worrying is the fact that almost a third of holiday-makers who had complained said\u00a0\u00a0 it\u00a0\u00a0 was\u00a0\u00a0 about\u00a0\u00a0 the apartment or hotel room they had been allocated. There is an enormous variety of holiday accommodation and we recommend that consumers look for places that have been inspected by the Tourist Boards; this way they can have the confidence that they will get the type of accommodation they are looking for.\u00a0 It seems that tour companies now offer more honest accurate brochures though. Eight-five per cent of holiday-makers who responded to our questionnaire said the description offered by the company matched the place they visited and the facilities provided.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is good news for the industry and for holiday-makers. A holiday is a major purchase &#8211; yet it&#8217;s one we can&#8217;t try before we pay. All we have to go on is the brochure and it&#8217;s a credit to tour operators that they now contain more detail.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>OUR ADVICE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>DO<\/strong> be realistic. No one should be palmed off with a poor standard of service, food or accommodation even if you paid a rock\u00ad bottom price for a last\u00ad minute break. However, be reasonable &#8211; you won&#8217;t get a room with the best view in town if you&#8217;ve paid a budget price.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>DO<\/strong> complain to the right person.\u00a0 Moaning to the waiter about a week&#8217;s worth of appalling food, then writing an indignant letter when you get back home won&#8217;t have the same impact as airing your grievances at the time.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>DO<\/strong> get evidence for a serious problem such as having a building site instead of the promised swimming pool below your window. Take a photo to back up your case.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>DON&#8217;T<\/strong> write and complain for the sake of it. Letters can be powerful as long as they&#8217;re about something you have a good reason to complain about.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>DON&#8217;T<\/strong> lose your temper. Easier said than done, but you&#8217;re more likely to get results if you state your case firmly, explain why you think there&#8217;s a problem then suggest a reasonable solution.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Now read the information and answer Questions 9-14.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 9-14<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Match the car-hire websites to the statements 9-14. Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet. NB Some of the -websites may be chosen more than once.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Example\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The company assures customers that their car hire is the cheapest.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>D<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>9<\/strong>. It is possible to see what the cars look like.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>10<\/strong>. Assistance is provided with some holiday routes.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>11<\/strong>. You will get cheaper car hire if you have used the company before.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>12<\/strong>. Attempts made by the writer to book a car were unsuccessful.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>13<\/strong>. You can only hire a car in certain locations.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>14<\/strong>. The site is suited to people with up-to-date hardware.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"709\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Hiring a Car Online<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Online car hire promises to be cheap, quick and convenient.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>But is it? Neil McDougall revs up his mouse<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Autos.com<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Just click on\u00a0 the\u00a0 reservations\u00a0 button,\u00a0 fill in your home\u00a0 country,\u00a0 destination and\u00a0 dates,\u00a0 pick\u00a0 a\u00a0 car\u00a0 and\u00a0 you&#8217;re into the booking form without any fuss and with all the charges, fixed\u00a0 and optional, laid out. There&#8217;s also a detailed rental guide explaining your contract.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B\u00a0\u00a0 Cash.com.uk<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">One to consider if you&#8217;re going to the States, although, after I\u2019d worked through half the booking process, it returned an error message without telling me which element of the procedure needed adjusting. I got there in the end. There is an inspirational section with detailed directions for some of the great drives of America.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C\u00a0 Expeed.org.uk<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Book a flight with Expeed and when you continue on to the car-hire section, the software already knows where you are going and when.\u00a0 However, you seem to be restricted to cities with airports for your car hire, and additional taxes are presented in travel\u00ad agent speak.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D\u00a0 Cutprice.com<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Is currently offering an aggressive lowest rates guarantee, an extra discount for former Holtravel clients and a package of free gifts to sweeten the deal. It also commits to no insurance excess on any of their rentals anywhere.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E\u00a0\u00a0 Hot.org<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Straightforward to navigate, with plenty of information on rental requirements and rules of operation. There are photographs of the types of vehicles available, leaving no doubt what a &#8216;premium&#8217; or &#8216;compact&#8217; car is. It took me just seconds to start reserving a car but then the whole thing ground to a halt and refused all attempts to access the reservation system.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F\u00a0\u00a0 Cars.net<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Another site offering discounts for booking online, but also special late deals (for example \u00a335 off a Renault Megane in Majorca last week). Prices are fully inclusive of insurance and there is a reassuringly large small-print section.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>G\u00a0\u00a0 Cover.org<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A three-step process to rent cars in 70 countries. Very flash and slick, so much so that people with older\u00a0 computers may have trouble getting this information. Limited selection of online tourist attractions (but that&#8217;s more than most give you).\u00a0 Graphically complex but impressive booking system.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>H\u00a0\u00a0 Cheapandcheerful.net.uk <\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Avoids unnecessary embellishments online but the booking procedure is as good as it gets. Enter how many miles you expect to drive and tick your insurance, driver and child-seat choices and they will all be included in the final price. You must contact the location directly if you need a car within 3 days. And to hire a car abroad, there&#8217;s a dull email form to fill in and they&#8217;ll get back to you.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-54e7326d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"54e7326d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37d9aeb4\" data-id=\"37d9aeb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c3c87fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4c3c87fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62df85ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"62df85ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-69b39009\" data-id=\"69b39009\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a91f284 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a91f284\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Section 2 &#8211; Questions 15 &#8211; 26<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 15-20 <\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph A-G.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 15-20 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"236\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>15.<\/strong> Paragraph A<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Example\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Paragraph B \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0IX<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>16<\/strong>. Paragraph C<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>17. <\/strong>Paragraph D<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>18. <\/strong>Paragraph E<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>19. <\/strong>Paragraph F<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>20. <\/strong>Paragraph G<\/span><\/p><\/td><td width=\"321\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>List of headings<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">i. Gathering source material<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ii. Open-ended essays<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">iii. The importance of focusing on the task<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">iv. Writing the essay<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">v. Types of essay and their purpose<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">vi. Learning from the essay<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">vii. Making the support material relevant<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">viii. Reviewing and amending the essay<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ix. Allocating your personal resources<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">x. Writing a framework<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>STUDY NOTES SERIES<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Chapter Seven<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>ESSAY WRITING<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A.<\/strong>\u00a0 Essays, whether written as part of a secondary school programme or further education course, are designed to test your thinking, writing and study skills. Creative essays offer you the freedom to demonstrate your abilities to communicate effectively. Analytical essays, on the other hand, will require you to show that you have researched the topic and drawn on the work of others to come to your conclusion.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B.<\/strong>\u00a0 The amount of time and effort you devote to writing an essay will depend on how it fits into the overall scheme of assessment and should be in direct proportion to the percentage of marks allotted. If the essay constitutes part of your coursework, the time and effort required will depend on what marks, if any, are going towards your overall mark and grade.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C. <\/strong>\u00a0However interesting and well prepared your essay may be, if it does not address the question, you will not receive a good mark. It is therefore essential that you examine the question and understand what is required. A list of key words which may appear in an essay question is provided in Appendix 4.\u00a0 Be sure you know what is being asked for and then consider what information is relevant and what is not.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D.\u00a0 <\/strong>Use a variety of relevant background texts, refer to your lecture notes and heed any advice given by your lecturer. When you collect material, always ask yourself what questions need to be answered and then take good notes in your own words. Begin notes on each source on a new page and do not forget to record details of the author, title of the book and date of publication. Remember that copying words from another writer&#8217;s work without acknowledging the source constitutes the serious crime of plagiarism.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>E.<\/strong>\u00a0 Once you have collected your source material you should then sketch out a plan. Begin by writing three or\u00a0 four sentences,\u00a0 which\u00a0 provide\u00a0 a summary\u00a0 of the essay. You can amend or add to the plan as you proceed and it provides a useful scaffold for your essay. It also ensures that you cover all the main themes and that your essay focuses on the question.\u00a0 Ideally you should plan to examine the question from all sides, presenting various views before reaching a conclusion based on the evidence.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>F.<\/strong>\u00a0 The introduction to the essay should explain to the reader how you are going to tackle the question and\u00a0 provide an outline of\u00a0 what\u00a0 will follow.\u00a0 Then move on to the main body of the essay. Refer to your notes and develop two or three logical arguments. Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence, which clearly states the subject to be discussed, and then use the remainder of the paragraph to fill out this opening sentence. A good essay should finish rather than simply stop. That is to say, the conclusion should provide a statement of your final position, summing up the arguments that your opinions are based upon.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>G.<\/strong>\u00a0 It is important to keep the essay relevant and to provide some examples, quotations, illustrations, diagrams or maps wherever appropriate. However, it is equally important to avoid the temptation to pad your essay with unwanted information: this wastes your time and undermines the relevant parts of the essay. In coursework and assessment essays not written under examination conditions, do not forget to acknowledge your sources in a bibliography.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Now read the information below and answer <strong>Questions 21-26<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"712\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>School of Design<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>COURSE GUIDELINES<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>2.1 Assignments<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Coursework assignments will involve the production of an artefact (something shaped by human beings rather than by nature) OR an investigation of some kind followed by a report. This is to demonstrate the relevance of your study to society today. If you opt to produce an artefact, (e.g. a working model or piece of machinery) you will also be expected to provide some written explanation of how and why you produced it.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You need to follow these steps:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 Find out precisely what is expected of you. Talk to your tutor and refer to the syllabus document.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 Be aware of what skills and abilities you must demonstrate.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u2022 Always plan a project thoroughly before you begin it but be realistic about how much time you can seriously devote to it.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Choosing a topic<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Remember that this course is essentially concerned with the achievement of desired ends. So first identify a real-life problem, then consider it in detail, specify a precise need and then define your design task. As you plan, wherever possible, consider using new materials, techniques and technology such as computer-aided design (CAD).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There is nothing wrong with talking to knowledgeable people about your project; in fact, this shows initiative. However, the project is yours so you must do the work yourself.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You will need a fairly flexible plan because sometimes resources, apparatus and consumables may not be available when you need them. It is a good idea to work backwards when planning so you know you will meet your final deadline. Finally, when you plan the various stages of your project give due regard to safety and costs.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 21-26<\/strong><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Look at the Course Guidelines for students on how to approach a design project.\u00a0Complete the sentences below using <strong>NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS<\/strong> for each answer.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Write your answers in boxes 21-26.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>21<\/strong>. There are_____________ types of assignment to choose from.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>22<\/strong>. A working model must be accompanied by _______________ of some sort.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>23<\/strong>. In order to understand the purpose of the assignment, students are advised to read _____________<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>24<\/strong>. Topics must be based on __________________<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>25<\/strong>. To avoid handing the assignment in late. it is suggested that students________________<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>26<\/strong>. As well as being cost effective, the method chosen must also be____________________<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a9fa6a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a9fa6a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-62c1cfc4\" data-id=\"62c1cfc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7700b755 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7700b755\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb32fa0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb32fa0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b4fad4c\" data-id=\"b4fad4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40661875 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40661875\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Section 3 &#8211; Questions 27 &#8211; 40<\/span><\/h2><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">You should spend about 20 minutes on <strong>Questions 27-40<\/strong> which are based on the reading passage below.<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A Stone Age Approach to Exercise<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Forget those long arduous sessions in the gym. If you want to stay fighting fit, try a modern Stone Age workout* instead<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Art De Vany is 62, but physical fitness tests three years ago showed he had the body of a 32-year-old. Although De Vany is sceptical of such assessments, he knows he&#8217;s in good shape. His\u00a0 former\u00a0 career\u00a0 as\u00a0 a\u00a0 professional\u00a0 baseball\u00a0 player may have something to do with it, but he attributes his physical prowess\u00a0 to\u00a0 an exercise\u00a0 regime\u00a0 inspired\u00a0 by the\u00a0 lifestyles\u00a0 of\u00a0 our\u00a0 Palaeolithic ancestors.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">De Vany&#8217;s advice to the modern exercise freak is to cut duration and frequency, and increase intensity. &#8216;Our muscle fibre composition reveals that we are adapted to extreme intensity of effort,&#8217; says De Vany, a professor of economics at the Institute of Mathematical Behavioural Sciences at the University of California, Irvine. His approach to fitness combines Darwinian thinking with his interest in chaos theory and complex systems.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This new science, which De Vany calls evolutionary fitness, is part of growing efforts to understand how\u00a0 the human body\u00a0 has been shaped\u00a0 by evolution,\u00a0 and to use this knowledge to improve our health and fitness. Proponents believe the key lies in the lifestyle of our hunter-gatherer ancestors because, they say, the vast majority of the human genome is still adapted to an ancient rhythm of life which swung between intense periods of activity and long stretches of inertia.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Across the Palaeolithic age which covers the period between 2.6 million and 10,000 years ago &#8211; prey animals were large, fast on their feet, or both. For men, this would have meant lots of walking or jogging to find herds, dramatic sprints, jumps and turns, perhaps violent struggles, and long walks home carrying the kill. Women may not have had such intense exercise, but they would have spent many hours walking to sources of water or food, digging up tubers, and carrying children. If modern hunter-gatherers are anything to go by, men may have hunted for up to four days a week and travelled 15 kilometres or more on each trip. Women may have gathered food every two or three days. There would also have been plenty of other regular physical activities for both sexes such as skinning animals and tool making, and probably\u00a0\u00a0 dancing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Our ancestors must have evolved cardiovascular, metabolic and thermoregulatory systems capable of sustaining high-level aerobic exertion under the hot African sun, according to Loren (ordain of the Human Performance Laboratory at Colorado State University. And given that the Palaeolithic era ended only an evolutionary blink of an eye ago, we ignore its legacy at our peril. (ordain and his colleagues point out that in today&#8217;s developed societies, inactivity is associated with disease. Contemporary hunter\u00ad gatherer societies rarely experience these modern killers, they say.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This is where De Vany&#8217;s exercise ideas come in. &#8216;The primary objectives for any exercise and diet programme must be to counter hyper-insulinaemia (chronically elevated insulin) and hypo exertion (wasting of the body&#8217;s lean mass\u00a0\u00a0 through\u00a0\u00a0 inactivity),&#8217;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 he writes in his forthcoming book about evolutionary exercise. Exercise and diet are linked. For example, says De Vany, our appetite control mechanisms work best when our activity mimics that of\u00a0 our ancestors. But he feels that most modern exercise regimes are not hitting the mark.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">De Vany views the body as non-linear and dynamic and says exercise should mix order and chaos. &#8216;Chronic aerobic exercise overstrains the heart, reducing the chaotic variation in the heart rate which is essential to health,&#8217; he says. Likewise, most weight training is governed too much by routine and is too time\u00ad consuming. He gives his own workout a chaotic character with ascending weights and descending repetitions. To these brief but intense gym workouts he adds a wide variety of other activities that vary randomly in intensity and duration. These include roller blading, bicycling, walking, sprinting, tennis, basketball, power walking, hitting softballs and trekking with a grandson on his shoulders.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">He also argues that most people do not train the right muscles for that ultimately attractive and adaptive quality of symmetry. &#8216;Symmetry is a reliable evolutionary clue to health,&#8217; he says. &#8216;Tumours and pathologies produce gross asymmetries, and our love of symmetry reflects the reproductive success of our ancestors, who were sensitive to these clues.&#8217; He strives for the X-look &#8211; a symmetrical balance of mass in the shoulder girdle, upper chest and back, the calves and lower quads, two of the four large muscles at the front of the thighs.\u00a0 This also makes men look taller, he adds, &#8216;another reliable evolutionary clue that women use to find good genes&#8217;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The hunter-gatherer lifestyle indicates that women should exercise only a little less intensely than men, says De Vany.\u00a0 &#8216;Women are opportunistic hunters who go after small game when they come across it. They also climb trees to capture honey and snare birds. And have you ever seen how much work it is to dig out a deep tuber?&#8217; Women benefit enormously from strength work, he says.\u00a0 It increases their bone density and they get and stay leaner by building muscle mass.\u00a0 &#8216;Today&#8217;s women are so weak [compared with their female\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ancestors].&#8217;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Of course, people vary. De Vany acknowledges that our ancestors were adapted to a variety of terrains and climates. (ordain points out that genetic differences between populations lead to different physical strengths. East Africans, for example, seem to be better endurance runners, West Africans better sprinters.\u00a0 But human genetic similarity greatly outweighs the variations. And because our genes have changed so very little since Palaeolithic times, if you want to be a lean, mean, survival machine why not try exercising like a caveman?<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 27-28<\/strong><\/span><\/h5><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 27-28 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>27<\/strong>. What do you learn about Art De Vany in the first paragraph?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A) He frequently tests his health. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B) He works as a professional sports player.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C) He is older than he appears to be. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D) He believes he has inherited a strong body.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>28<\/strong>. In the second paragraph. De Vany recommends that people should<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A) exercise less frequently. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B) exercise harder but for less time.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C) give their muscles more time to recover from exercise.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D) learn more about how the human body reacts to exercise.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 29 &#8211; 31<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose <strong>THREE<\/strong> letters A-G and write them in boxes <strong>29-31<\/strong> on your answer sheet.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Which <strong>THREE<\/strong> of the following docs the writer highlight when discussing the lifestyle of our Palaeolithic ancestors?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A) the difficulties involved in finding food<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B) their size compared to that of modem man<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C) the sudden movements required during their daily activities<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D) the aggressive nature of their negotiations with others <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">E) the fact that life was equally energetic for both_ exes <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">F) the predictable frequency of physical activity<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">G) the long distances between neighbours&#8217; homes<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Question 32<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose the appropriate letter <strong>A-D<\/strong> and write it in box 32 on your answer sheet.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">32. Cordain compares modem hunter-gatherer societies to Palaeolithic societies in terms of their<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A) ability to withstand high temperatures.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B) resistance to certain fatal illnesses.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C) healthy mix of work and leisure activities.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D) refusal to change their way of life.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 33-36<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Using <strong>NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.<\/strong> answer the\/allowing questions. Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">33. What term does De Vany use to describe his approach to physical exercise?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">34. Which TWO opposing factors does De Vany say an exercise programme should include&#8217;?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">35. Which type of activity docs de Vany criticise as being harmful?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">36. Which type of exercise does De Vany practise on a regular basis?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 37-40<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In boxes 37-40 on your answer shat write<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TRUE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong> if the statement is true<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>FALSE\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong> if the statement is false<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOT<\/strong> <strong>GIVEN\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong> if the information is not given in the passage<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>37<\/strong>. Our Palaeolithic ancestors were constantly active.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>38<\/strong>. Female exercise programmes should vary according to the shape of the individual.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>39<\/strong>. Geographical features have played a role in human physical development.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>40<\/strong>. The importance of genetic differences in deciding on an exercise programme is minimal.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3f1c7937 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3f1c7937\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f750a0c\" data-id=\"f750a0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23c941a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"23c941a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7485031e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7485031e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-470585bc\" data-id=\"470585bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf06438 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"6bf06438\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1811\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1811\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened far fa-check-square\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Answers<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1811\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1811\"><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">9. E<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">11. D<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">12. E<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">13. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">14. H<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">15. V<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">16. III<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">17. I<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">18. X<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">19. IV<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">20. VII<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">21. two\/2<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">22. a (written) explanation<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">23. the syllabus document<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">24. a real-life problem<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">25. work plan backwards<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">26. safe<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">27. C<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">28. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">29.-31. A, C, F<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">32. B<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">33. evolutionary fitness<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">34. order and chaos<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">35. (chronic) aeorobic exercise<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">36. weight training<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">37. FALSE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">38. NOT GIVEN<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">39. TRUE<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">40. TRUE<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Section 1 &#8211; Questions 1 &#8211; 14 You are advised to spend 20 minutes on Questions 1-14. Look at the article about holidays and at the statements (1-8) below. Questions 1-8 In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write TRUE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 if the statement is trueFALSE\u00a0 \u00a0 if the statement is falseNOTGIVEN\u00a0 \u00a0if the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3816","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general-reading-practice"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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