{"id":2943,"date":"2020-05-31T16:44:50","date_gmt":"2020-05-31T16:44:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/?p=2943"},"modified":"2021-08-20T17:47:56","modified_gmt":"2021-08-20T17:47:56","slug":"international-language-center-ashwood-college-the-coal-industry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/index.php\/2020\/05\/31\/international-language-center-ashwood-college-the-coal-industry\/","title":{"rendered":"General Reading Practice Test \u2013 12 (desktop)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Section 1: Question 1-13<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 1 \u2013 8<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Look at the given five advertisements, A-E. Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. International Language Centre <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. Global Language Learning Centre<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. Tafe International <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. Club Francais <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">E. University of Canberra<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Which advertisement mentions:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. up-to-date teaching systems? <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. that the institution has been established for a significant time?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. examination classes? <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. that arrangements can be made for activities outside class?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. the availability of courses for school students?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">6. language teaching for special purposes?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Which <strong>TWO<\/strong> advertisement mentions:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7. a wide variety of language choices? <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">8. evening classes?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7239\" src=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"673\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-1.jpg 673w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-1-300x135.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-1-600x269.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7240\" src=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"691\" height=\"583\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-2.jpg 691w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-2-300x253.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-2-600x506.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 9-13<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Read the notice about road works below. In boxes\u00a0<strong>9-13<\/strong>\u00a0on your answer sheet write:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TRUE\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0if the statement is true<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>FALSE<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0if the statement is false<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOT GIVEN\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0if the information is not given in the notice<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>9<\/strong>. The road will be closed for two days and not re-opened until Monday.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>10<\/strong>. The road will be open as far as Little Street.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>11<\/strong>. Work on the road will continue each weekend for the next month.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>12<\/strong>. Temporary traffic lights will operate at intersections with Main Street.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>13<\/strong>. There will be bus services to the university throughout the weekend.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>MAIN STREET, GATTON RE-DEVELOPMENT<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>ROAD WIDENING TO AFFECT WEEKEND TRAFFIC AND BUS<br \/>SERVICES TO THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The next stage in the re-development of the roads in the town of Gatton will mean that Main Street will be closed between Little and Denning Streets from 6.00 am on Saturday, 12 August to 6.00 pm on Sunday, 13 August. The intersections of these streets with Main Street will not be affected.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We expect that the work will be completed at this time without further disruption to traffic.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Motorists should note that Main Street will be closed over the weekend during the hours indicated.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">No university bus services will operate through the area between Little and Denning Streets. However, alternative services will operate on bus routes 566 and 45 between Gatton Road, the town centre and the university.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Transport and Roads Department apologises for any inconvenience caused while improvements are in progress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Section 2: Question 14-26<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 14 \u2013 19<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Read the enrolment details for Ashwood College on the following page and look at the statements below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In boxes <strong>14-19<\/strong> on your answer sheet write:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TRUE<\/strong>\u00a0 if the statement is true<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>FALSE<\/strong>\u00a0 if the statement is false<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOT<\/strong> <strong>GIVEN<\/strong>\u00a0 if the information is not given in the passage<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Example:- <\/strong><strong>Overseas students may enroll for a course at the college from their home country (TRUE)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>14<\/strong>. Overseas students must pay a deposit when they apply for a course at the college.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>15<\/strong>. Outstanding fees are payable by the end of the first week of the course.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>16<\/strong>. Classes are organised according to ability level.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>17<\/strong>. There is a break between each lesson.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>18<\/strong>. Students may change courses at any time during the term.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>19<\/strong>. Any student is permitted to take a week\u2019s holiday during a 12-week course.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>ASHWOOD COLLEGE<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>How to enroll if you are abroad \u2026<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Please complete the Application Form and send this with the correct Non-Returnable Deposit (see below) to: The Overseas Registrar, Ashwood College, 20 Glossop Street, Midhaven.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tel: 01423-968075; fax: 01423-968076.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7242 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-3-1024x510.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-3-1024x510.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-3-300x149.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-3-768x382.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-3-600x299.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-3.jpg 1205w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>How to enrol if you are in Midhaven \u2026<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We invite you to visit us and see the school. After an assessment you will be able to reserve a place on the next available course. We have two centres in Midhaven.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7243\" src=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"637\" height=\"114\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-4.jpg 637w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-4-300x54.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ielts.completesuccess.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/GT-R12-4-600x107.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Deposit\/payment:<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1. Your enrolment form must be accompanied by the course deposit of \u00a3100 or, if you are booking accommodation through the school, your course and accommodation deposit of \u00a3200<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2. Any balance of course and accommodation fees must be paid in full by the first day of your course.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3. All bank charges incurred in sending money to Ashwood College must be paid by the student.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4. Deposits and payments are non-refundable and non-transferable.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">5. A charge of \u00a320 will be made for any changes made to the bookings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Conditions:<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><u>Timetable &#8211;<\/u><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Each hour consists of 50 minutes&#8217; tuition and a 10-minute break.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><u>Public and School Holidays &#8211;<\/u><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There is no reduction in the fee where a course includes a Public Holiday, except for two weeks at Christmas.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><u>Age &#8211;<\/u><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The above centres of Ashwood College do not accept students under 16 years of age.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><u>Attendance &#8211;<\/u><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Students are expected to attend regularly and on time. Students forfeit tuition if they arrive late, are absent or leave before the course ends.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><u>Student Holidays:<\/u><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Students on long courses, except examination preparation courses, may take a holiday of one week every 12 weeks without losing their course fee for this period.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><u>Location and Time of Course:<\/u><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ashwood College has two all-year centres and a summer centre in Midhaven. Before entry to the school, students must take an entry test to determine the level of class they enter. We cannot guarantee the time or location of a student&#8217;s course although every attempt is made to place students in the centre and at the time of their choice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 20 \u2013 26<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Read the information on the Language Institute below. <em>Complete the summary of information below:\u00a0<\/em>Choose<strong>\u00a0NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND\/OR NUMBERS\u00a0<\/strong>from the passage for each answer.\u00a0Write your answers in boxes\u00a0<strong>20-26<\/strong>\u00a0on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><em>Example: &#8211; <\/em><\/strong><strong>Overseas students who study at &#8211;(Totara Language\u00a0 Institute)&#8211; may choose to spend more of their free time \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<br \/><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>SUMMARY<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">With local students by applying for a room in the\u00a0<strong>&#8230;&#8230;20&#8230;&#8230;<\/strong>\u00a0Places are available here even for students enrolled on the minimum length course of\u00a0<strong>&#8230;&#8230;21&#8230;&#8230;.<\/strong>\u00a0Class sizes for each course range from\u00a0<strong>&#8230;&#8230;22&#8230;&#8230;\u00a0<\/strong>students and all the class teachers are well qualified; many of them teach on graduate programmes in areas such as applied linguistics. As a member of the Language Institute, you will automatically be able to join the\u00a0<strong>&#8230;&#8230;23&#8230;&#8230; .<\/strong>\u00a0Hamilton can offer students a wide range of social activities. The city itself lies on either side of the\u00a0<strong>&#8230;&#8230;<\/strong>24<strong>&#8230;&#8230;<\/strong>\u00a0which results in some very\u00a0<strong>&#8230;&#8230;25&#8230;&#8230;<\/strong>\u00a0views and enjoyable walks in the gardens. The Institute employs an activities coordinator who can help you organise your free time and you may also wish to make use of this service for planning your\u00a0<strong>&#8230;&#8230;26&#8230;&#8230;<\/strong>when you leave New Zealand. Remember that a student permit is not valid when you have finished your studies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>THE TOTARA LANGUAGE INSTITUTE NEW ZEALAND<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Study English in a national university with students from many countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong> 4-week blocks<br \/>\u2022 5 hours\u2019 tuition each day<br \/>\u2022 Examination preparation<br \/>\u2022 University entry (with appropriate academic and English requirements)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Choice of accommodation for all students &#8211; homestays with local families or in Halls of Residence with New Zealand students.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Totara Language Institute is part of the University of Waikato in the city of Hamilton, in New Zealand\u2019s North Island. Intensive English classes are taught in four-week blocks throughout the year and students may enrol for as many blocks as they wish. Classes are for 5 hours each day, Monday to Friday, and include preparation for several international English language examinations. All the courses are taught by highly qualified teachers, many of whom also teach on Language Institute graduate programmes in second language teaching and applied linguistics. Classes are small, usually from 10-12 students with a maximum number of 15, and normally contain a mix of students from a wide range of countries. Students who study English at the Language Institute become international members of the Waikato Students\u2019 Union. The option is available to move on to university study if students meet the English language and academic entry levels for their choice of programme. The Language Institute provides student support, welfare and activities services. Students are met at Auckland airport on arrival and accommodation is provided with local families or in University Halls of Residence with New Zealand students.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hamilton, one of New Zealand\u2019s fastest growing cities, is ideally located for a wide range of leisure and cultural activities. The Waikato river, the longest river in New Zealand, flows through the centre of the city, providing a picturesque and park-like setting of riverside walks and gardens. The Waikato region is a diverse agricultural area, rich in historic sites, arts and crafts, hot springs, native forests, mountains and rivers. Within easy reach is an unspoilt coastline; the wild and rugged west coast beaches famous for surfing, and the more peaceful east coast resorts are only a short drive from Hamilton. Further afield the mountains of the central North Island, 3 hours\u2019 drive away, provide superb ski facilities in winter and hiking country in summer.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Language Institute activities coordinator can assist students to arrange any sport and leisure activities. Assistance is also available for on-going travel arrangements for students. Students on a visitor visa or work permit may study for a maximum of 3 months. Courses of longer duration require a student permit which is issued for the length of study only.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Section 3: Question 27-40<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 27<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">From the list below choose the most suitable title for the whole of the Reading Passage.\u00a0Write the appropriate letter\u00a0<strong>A-D<\/strong>\u00a0in box\u00a0<strong>27<\/strong>\u00a0on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A\u00a0 Pollution control in coal mining<br \/>B\u00a0 The greenhouse effect<br \/>C\u00a0 The coal industry and the environment<br \/>D\u00a0 Sustainable population growth<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 28-31<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Reading Passage has four sections\u00a0<strong>A-D<\/strong>.\u00a0Choose the most suitable heading for each section from the list of headings below.\u00a0Write the appropriate numbers\u00a0<strong>i-viii<\/strong>\u00a0in boxes\u00a0<strong>28-31<\/strong>\u00a0on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"394\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>List of Headings<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"338\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"394\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>i<\/strong>\u00a0 Global warming<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>ii<\/strong>\u00a0 The dangers of the coal industry<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>iii<\/strong>\u00a0 Superclean coal<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>iv<\/strong>\u00a0 Environment protection measures<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>v<\/strong>\u00a0 Coal as an energy source<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>vi<\/strong>\u00a0 Coal and the enhanced greenhouse effect<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>vii<\/strong>\u00a0 Research and development<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>viii<\/strong>\u00a0 Mining site drainage<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"338\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>28<\/strong>.\u00a0 Section\u00a0\u00a0<strong>A<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>29<\/strong>.\u00a0 Section\u00a0\u00a0<strong>B<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>30<\/strong>.\u00a0 Section\u00a0\u00a0<strong>C<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>31<\/strong>.\u00a0 Section\u00a0\u00a0<strong>D<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The coal industry<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>A\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Coal is expected to continue to account for almost 27 per cent of the world\u2019s energy needs. However, with growing international awareness of pressures on the environment and the need to achieve sustainable development of energy resources, the way in which the resource is extracted, transported and used is critical.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A wide range of pollution control devices and practices is in place at most modern mines and significant resources are spent on rehabilitating mined land. In addition, major research and development programmes are being devoted to lifting efficiencies and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases during coal consumption. Such measures are helping coal to maintain its status as a major supplier of the world\u2019s energy needs.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>B<\/strong>\u00a0 The coal industry has been targeted by its critics as a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect. However, the greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon involving the increase in global surface temperature due to the presence of greenhouse gases &#8211; water vapour, carbon dioxide, tropospheric ozone, methane and nitrous oxide &#8211; in the atmosphere. Without the greenhouse effect, the earth\u2019s average surface temperature would be 33-35 degrees C lower, or -15 degrees C. Life on earth, as we know it today, would not be possible.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There is concern that this natural phenomenon is being altered by a greater build-up of gases from human activity, perhaps giving rise to additional warming and changes in the earth\u2019s climate. This additional build-up and its forecast outcome has been called the enhanced greenhouse effect. Considerable uncertainty exists, however, about the enhanced greenhouse effect, particularly in relation to the extent and timing of any future increases in global temperature.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Greenhouse gases arise from a wide range of sources and their increasing concentration is largely related to the compound effects of increased population, improved living standards and changes in lifestyle. From a current base of 5 billion, the United Nations predicts that the global population may stabilise in the twenty-first century between 8 and 14 billion, with more than 90 per cent of the projected increase taking place in the world\u2019s developing nations. The associated activities to support that growth, particularly to produce the required energy and food, will cause further increases in greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge, therefore, is to attain a sustainable balance between population, economic growth and the environment.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The major greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the only major contributor to the greenhouse effect that does not occur naturally, coming from such sources as refrigeration, plastics and manufacture. Coal\u2019s total contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is thought to be about 18 per cent, with about half of this coming from electricity generation.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>C<\/strong>\u00a0 The world-wide coal industry allocates extensive resources to researching and developing new technologies and ways of capturing greenhouse gases. Efficiencies are likely to be improved dramatically, and hence CO2 emissions reduced, through combustion and gasification techniques which are now at pilot and demonstration stages.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Clean coal is another avenue for improving fuel conversion efficiency. Investigations are under way into super clean coal (3-5 per cent ash) and ultraclean coal (less than 1 per cent ash). Superclean coal has the potential to enhance the combustion efficiency of conventional pulverised fuel power plants. Ultraclean coal will enable coal to be used in advanced power systems such as coal-fired gas turbines which, when operated in combined cycle, have the potential to achieve much greater efficiencies.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>D<\/strong>\u00a0 Defendants of mining point out that, environmentally, coal mining has two important factors in its favour. It makes only temporary use of the land and produces no toxic chemical wastes. By carefully pre-planning projects, implementing pollution control measures, monitoring the effects of mining and rehabilitating mined areas, the coal industry minimises the impact on the neighbouring community, the immediate environment and long-term land capability.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dust levels are controlled by spraying roads and stockpiles, and water pollution is controlled by carefully separating clean water runoff from runoff which contains sediments or salt from mine workings. The latter is treated and re-used for dust suppression. Noise is controlled by modifying equipment and by using insulation and sound enclosures around machinery.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Since mining activities represent only a temporary use of the land, extensive rehabilitation measures are adopted to ensure that land capability after mining meets agreed and appropriate standards which, in some cases, are superior to the land\u2019s pre-mining condition. Where the mining is underground, the surface area can be simultaneously used for forests, cattle grazing and crop raising, or even reservoirs and urban development, with little or no disruption to the existing land use. In all cases, mining is subject to stringent controls and approvals processes.<\/span><br \/><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In open-cut operations, however, the land is used exclusively for mining but land rehabilitation measures generally progress with the mine\u2019s development. As core samples are extracted to assess the quality and quantity of coal at a site, they are also analysed to assess the ability of the soil or subsoil material to support vegetation. Topsoils are stripped and stockpiled prior to mining for subsequent dispersal over rehabilitated areas. As mining ceases in one section of the open-cut, the disturbed area is reshaped. Drainage within and off the site is carefully designed to make the new land surface as stable as the local environment allows: often dams are built to protect the area from soil erosion and to serve as permanent sources of water. Based on the soil requirements, the land is suitably fertilised and revegetated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>Questions 32-36<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Choose the appropriate letters\u00a0<strong>A-D<\/strong>\u00a0and write them in boxes\u00a0<strong>32-36<\/strong>\u00a0on your answer sheet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>32.<\/strong> The global increase in greenhouse gases has been attributed to<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. industrial pollution in developing countries. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. coal mining and electricity generation.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. reduced rainfall in many parts of the world. <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. trends in population and lifestyle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>33.<\/strong> The proportion of all greenhouse gases created by coal is approximately<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. 14 per cent.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. 18 per cent.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. 27 per cent.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. 90 per cent.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>34.<\/strong> Current research aims to increase the energy-producing efficiency of coal by<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. burning it at a lower temperature.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. developing new gasification techniques.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. extracting CO2 from it.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. recycling greenhouse gases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>35.<\/strong> Compared with ordinary coal, new, \u2018clean\u2019 coals may generate power<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. more cleanly and more efficiently.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. more cleanly but less efficiently.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. more cleanly but at higher cost.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. more cleanly but much more slowly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>36.<\/strong> To control dust at mine sites, mining companies often use<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A. chemicals which may be toxic.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">B. topsoil taken from the site before mining.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C. fresh water from nearby dams.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D. runoff water containing sediments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Questions 37- 40<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Do the following statements reflect the opinions of the writer in the Reading Passage?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet write:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>YES\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong> if the statement reflects the opinion of the writer<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NO\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong> if the statement contradicts the writer<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOT GIVEN\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong> if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>37<\/strong>. The coal industry should be abandoned in favour of alternative energy sources because of the environmental damage it causes.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>38<\/strong>. The greatest threats to the environment are the gases produced by industries which support the high standard of living of a growing world population.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>39<\/strong>. World population in the twenty-first century will probably exceed 8 billion.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>40<\/strong>. CFC emissions have been substantially reduced in recent years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle has-icon-left\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__row\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__header-title\">Answers<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-toggle__content\">\n<h4 class=\"has-black-color has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size wp-block-heading\">1. B<br>2. E<br>3. E<br>4. C<br>5. D<br>6. B<br>7. IN EITHER ORDER A (and) B<br>8. IN EITHER ORDER B (and) D<br>9. FALSE<br>10. TRUE<br>11. FALSE<br>12. NOT GIVEN<br>13. TRUE<br>14. TRUE<br>15. FALSE<br>16. TRUE<br>17. TRUE<br>18. NOT GIVEN<br>19. FALSE<br>20. (University) Halls of Residence<br>21. 4 weeks \/\/four weeks<br>22. 10 to 15 \/\/ 10-15 \/\/ ten to fifteen<br>23. (Waikato) Students\u2019 Union<br>24. (Waikato) river<br>25. picturesque<br>26. (ongoing) travel (arrangements)<br>27. C<br>28. v<br>29. vi<br>30. vii<br>31. iv<br>32. D<br>33. B<br>34. B<br>35. A<br>36. D<br>37. NO<br>38. YES<br>39. YES<br>40. NOT GIVEN<br>Note: Words in brackets are optional \u2013 they are correct, but not necessary.<\/h4>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Section 1: Question 1-13 Questions 1 \u2013 8Look at the given five advertisements, A-E. Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. A. International Language Centre B. Global Language Learning CentreC. Tafe International D. Club Francais E. University of Canberra Which advertisement mentions: 1. up-to-date teaching systems? 2. that the institution [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"plain-container","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general-reading-practice"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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